Research Statement

My research interests are focused primarily on metals and their interactions with solution environments. This area of research is often generally referred to as chemical metallurgy or more specifically as a combination of electrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy. Consequently, most of my research has involved electrodeposition and corrosion as well as metal and metal compound reaction chemistry.

Research Keywords

  • Photovoltaics
  • Hydrometallurgy
  • Electrochemistry
  • Corrosion

Research Groups

  • Taylor Smith, Graduate Student. 01/07/2019 - present.
  • Arun Murali, Graduate Student. 05/15/2018 - present.
  • Landon Allen, Graduate Student. 01/05/2018 - present.
  • Jayson Benedict, Undergraduate Student. 11/01/2017 - present.
  • Joshua Greene, Graduate Student. 01/01/2017 - present.
  • Jaron Wallace, Undergraduate Student. 09/01/2016 - present.
  • Zonliang Zhang, Graduate Student. 08/16/2016 - present.
  • Marina McNeill, Undergraduate Student. 01/01/2016 - 01/31/2019.
  • Erik Sundberg, Graduate Student. 08/17/2015 - 06/2017.
  • Sayan Sarkar, Graduate Student. 08/2015 - present.
  • Brandon Anglesey, Graduate Student. 08/2015 - 05/2017.
  • Wyatt McNeill, Undergraduate Student. 04/2015 - 06/2018.
  • Syamantak Roy, Graduate Student. 08/2014 - 06/2016.
  • Jae-Hun Cho, Graduate Student. 08/2014 - 05/2016.
  • Brandon Anglesey, Undergraduate Student. 08/2014 - 08/2015.
  • Urian Marshall, Undergraduate Student. 03/01/2014 - 07/01/2016.
  • Joshua Werner, Graduate Student. 01/05/2014 - 06/2017.
  • Colton Allred, Undergraduate Student. 11/15/2013 - 08/2015.
  • Dr. Prashant Sarswat, Research Professor. 09/16/2013 - present.
  • Dr. Amarchand Sathyapalan, Research Professor. 09/16/2013 - 07/01/2017.
  • Alexander Derrick, Graduate Student. 08/15/2013 - 06/2015.
  • Weizhi Zeng, Graduate Student. 01/01/2013 - 07/01/2017.
  • Gaosong Yi, Graduate Student. 08/15/2012 - 11/01/2017.
  • Nathan Hamilton, Undergraduate Student. 06/30/2012 - 04/2015.
  • Yakun Zhu, Graduate Student. 08/15/2010 - 12/2015.

Presentations

  • Michael L. Free, Reducing Our Carbon Footprint through Research and Innovation in Hydrometallurgy, keynote presentation in 2022 International Conference on the Cooperation and Integration of Industry, Education, Research and Application of Low Carbon Metallurgy, Changsha, China, November 12, 2022. Invited Talk/Keynote, Presented, 11/12/2022.
  • Michael L. Free, Rare Earth and Critical Materials, UAMMI Cross Talk, Price, Utah, September 22, 2022. Invited Talk/Keynote, Presented, 09/22/2022.
  • Michael L. Free, Rare Earth and Critical Materials, UAMMI Cross Talk, Price, Utah, September 22, 2022. Invited Talk/Keynote, Presented, 09/22/2022.
  • Michael L Free, Research and Innovation in Hydrometallurgy, University of Science and Technology, South Korea, July 7, 2022. Invited Talk/Keynote, Presented, 07/07/2022.
  • Michael L. Free, "Extraction and Recovery of Rare-earth Elements and Critical Materials from Coal Waste Using Low Cost Processing Methods", Keynote Presentation, Rare Metal Extraction and Processing, TMS Annual Meeting, Anaheim, CA, USA, February 28, 2022. Invited Talk/Keynote, Presented, 02/28/2022.
  • Michael L. Free, Rare Earth Elements and Critical Metals from Uses and Sources to Low-Cost Extraction and Recovery, John Herbst Symposium, February 26, 2022 Salt Lake City, UT, USA. Invited Talk/Keynote, Presented, 02/26/2022.
  • “Transforming Uinta Basin Resources into Rare Earth Elements, Critical Minerals, and Other Nonfuel Products”, Utah Mining Association Annual Meeting, October 29, 2021. Invited Talk/Keynote, Presented, 10/2021.
  • Transforming Coal Resources Into Rare Earth Elements, Critical Minerals, and Other Nonfuel Products”, Virtual Presentation, Pittsburgh Coal Conference, September 20, 2021. Conference Paper, Refereed, Presented, 09/20/2021.
  • Transforming Coal Resources Into Rare Earth Elements, Critical Minerals, and Other Nonfuel Products. Conference Paper, Refereed, Presented, 09/2021.
  • Transforming Coal Resources Into Rare Earth Elements, Critical Minerals, and Other Nonfuel Products”, Virtual Presentation, Pittsburgh Coal Conference, September 20, 2021. Conference Paper, Refereed, Presented, 09/2021.
  • Transforming Coal Resources Into Rare Earth Elements, Critical Minerals, and Other Nonfuel Products”, Virtual Presentation, Pittsburgh Coal Conference, September 20, 2021. Conference Paper, Refereed, Presented, 09/2021.
  • “Transforming Coal Resources Into Rare Earth Elements, Critical Minerals, and Other Nonfuel Products”, Virtual Presentation, Pittsburgh Coal Conference, September 20, 2021 . Conference Paper, Refereed, Presented, 09/2021.
  • Extraction and recovery of Rare-earth Elements and critical materials from coal waste using low-cost processing methods. Invited Talk/Keynote, Presented, 02/2021.
  • “Extraction of Rare Earth Elements from Coal Waste”, 2020 Utah Coal Conference, , virtual meeting. Other, Presented, 11/12/2020.
  • Utilizing Biooxidation to Facilitate Low-Cost Rare Earth Elements Extraction from Coal-Based Resources and Eliminate Future Acid Mine Drainage”, SME Annual Meeting. Other, Presented, 02/26/2020.
  • Hydrometallurgical Removal of Mg Impurities in Hydrogen Assisted Magnesiothermic Reduction of TiO2, SME Annual Meeting. Other, Presented, 02/25/2020.
  • Low Cost Metal Recovery from E-Waste, TMS Annual Meeting. Other, Presented, 02/24/2020.
  • Utilizing Biooxidation in a Flow Sheet to Facilitate Low-Cost Rare Earth Elements Extraction from Coal-Based Resources and Eliminate Future Acid Mine Drainage, AIChE Annual Meeting, November 14, 2019. Invited Talk/Keynote, Presented, 11/14/2019.
  • “Extraction and Recovery of Rare Earth Elements from Coal Waste”, Pittsburgh Coal Conference, September 5, 2019. Invited Talk/Keynote, Presented, 09/05/2019.
  • “Experimental Measurements of the Copper Electrowinning Behavior and Current Efficiency Pre and Post Shorting, Copper 2019, August 21, 2019. Conference Paper, Refereed, Presented, 08/21/2019.
  • "Metal Recycling”, REMADE Institute Webinar, June 25, 2019. Invited Talk/Keynote, Presented, 06/25/2019.
  • “Innovations in Metallurgical Engineering to Save Energy and Lower Costs,” Central South University, Changsha, China, December 11, 2018. Invited Talk/Keynote, Presented, 12/11/2018.
  • “Economic Extraction and Recovery of Rare Earth Elements from Coal Waste”, AIChE Annual Meeting, Pittsburgh, PA, November 1, 2018. Other, Presented, 11/01/2018.
  • “Hydrogen Assisted Magnesium Reduction of TiO2”, Extraction 2018, Ottawa, Canada, August 28, 2018. Conference Paper, Refereed, Presented, 08/28/2018.
  • “Study of the Rate Controlling Steps in the Removal of Magnesium Impurities in Hydrogen Assisted Magnesiothermic Reduction of TiO2 by Leaching”, Hydrometallurgy 2018, Ottawa, Canada, August 28, 2018. Conference Paper, Refereed, Presented, 08/28/2018.
  • “Regulatory Mechanism of Anode Slime Behavior”, Hydrometallurgy 2018, Ottawa, Canada, August 28, 2018. Conference Paper, Refereed, Presented, 08/28/2018.
  • “Electrochemical and Frequency Assisted Separation Methods for Lithium-7 Enrichment From Liquid Media”, Critical Metals Processing 2018, Ottawa, Canada, August 28, 2018. Conference Paper, Refereed, Presented, 08/28/2018.
  • “Extraction and Recovery of Rare Earth Elements from Low-Grade Material”, Hydrometallurgy 2018, Ottawa, Canada, August 28, 2018. Other, Presented, 08/28/2018.
  • “Innovations in Metallurgical Processing”, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China, July 25, 2018. Invited Talk/Keynote, Presented, 07/25/2018.
  • “Understanding Surfactants and Their Role in Corrosion Inhibition”, Northeastern University Satellite Campus, Quinhuangdao, China, July 24, 2018. Invited Talk/Keynote, Presented, 07/24/2018.
  • “The Role of Scrap Recycling in the USA Circular Economy A Case Study of Copper Scrap Recycling”, (in collaboration with Phillip Mackey and Nubia Cardona) SME Annual Meeting, Minneapolis, MN, February 27, 2018. Conference Paper, Refereed, Presented, 02/28/2018.
  • Performance Modeling and Validation for Extraction, Recovery, and Purification of Metals, SME Annual Meeting, Minneapolis, MN, February 28, 2018. Invited Talk/Keynote, Presented, 02/28/2018.
  • “Alloy Variability in Al5xxx Sensitization Prediction” DoD Corrosion Conference, Birmingham, AL, August 9, 2017. Conference Paper, Presented, 08/09/2017.
  • “Microstructural Influences of Corrosion Sensitization in Al 5XXX Series Aluminum Alloys” NACE Annual Meeting, March 29, 2017. Conference Paper, Refereed, Presented, 03/29/2017.
  • Conceptualization of Doped Black P Thin Films for Potential Use in Photovoltaics with Validation from First Principle Calculations,“ TMS Annual Meeting, San Diego, California, March 2, 2017. Conference Paper, Refereed, Presented, 03/02/2017.
  • Slime Mobility, Availability, and Transport Effects on cathode Purity in Copper Electrorefining,” Copper 2016, Kobe, Japan. Conference Paper, Refereed, Presented, 11/15/2016.
  • Multi-Physics Modelling and Validation of Copper Heap Leaching Performance,” Copper 2016, Kobe, Japan. Conference Paper, Refereed, Presented, 11/15/2016.
  • Critical Characterization and Modeling of Electrowinning Systems for Optimization,” Copper 2016, Kobe, Japan. Conference Paper, Refereed, Presented, 11/15/2016.
  • Electrometallurgy Innovations,” keynote presentation, Electrometallurgy 2016, Quebec City, Canada. Invited Talk/Keynote, Presented, 09/13/2016.
  • Modeling of Agglomerate Size Distribution for Heap Leaching,” IMPC 2016, Quebec City, Canada. Conference Paper, Refereed, Presented, 09/12/2016.
  • Modeling Electrometallurgy Topography,” Electrometallurgy 2016, Quebec City, Canada. Conference Paper, Refereed, Presented, 09/12/2016.
  • Modeling Electrowinning and Electrorefining”, short course, Electrometallurgy 2016, Quebec City, Canada. Other, Presented, 09/10/2016.
  • Cathode Corrosion, Anode Lifetime, and Short-Circuiting, Teck, Trail, British Columbia, Canada. Invited Talk/Keynote, Presented, 05/18/2016.
  • Enhanced Removal of Nanoparticles Using Surfactants, MRS Annual Meeting, Phoenix, AZ. Invited Talk/Keynote, Presented, 03/30/2016.
  • Electrochemical Kinetics. Other, Presented, 03/09/2016.
  • Characterization of Intragranular Mg-rich Precipitates Formed in Al 5xxx Alloys Aged at 343 K. Conference Paper, Refereed, Presented, 02/18/2016.
  • “Mixed-Surfactant Aggregation and Adsorption Effects on Steel Corrosion Inhibition in Aqueous Media with Salt” DoD Corrosion Conference, Pittsburgh, November 17, 2015. Conference Paper, Refereed, Presented, 11/17/2015.
  • “Long-Term Al 5xxx Alloy Sensitization Modeling and Experimental Validation,” DoD Corrosion Conference, Pittsburgh, November 17, 2015. Conference Paper, Refereed, Presented, 11/17/2015.
  • Modelling Heap Leaching PLS from Valuable Mineral Associations and Leaching Parameters, Heap Leach Solutions 2015, Reno, Nevada, September 15, 2015. Conference Paper, Refereed, Presented, 09/15/2015.
  • Novel Methods for Titanium Powder Synthesis, TMS Annual Meeting, Orlando, Florida, March 18, 2015. Conference Paper, Presented, 03/18/2015.
  • Novel Methods for Titanium Powder Synthesis. Conference Paper, Refereed, Presented, 03/18/2015.
  • Corrosion Inhibition Modeling for Mixed Surfactant Systems, NACE Annual Meeting, Dallas, Texas, March 16, 2015. Invited Talk/Keynote, Presented, 03/16/2015.
  • Evaluating the Effects of Flow Rate and Concentration Changes on Copper Ore Heap Leaching, Invited speaker, SME Annual Meeting, February, 16, 2015. Conference Paper, Refereed, Presented, 02/16/2015.
  • Evaluating the Effects of Flow Rate and Concentration Changes on Copper Ore Heap Leaching. Invited Talk/Keynote, Presented, 02/16/2015.
  • Producing smooth cathodes, invited presentation, AngloAmerican Platinum, Rustenburg, South Africa, January 26, 2015. Other, Presented, 01/26/2015.
  • Modeling Heap Leaching PLS from Ore Characteristics and Leaching Parameters, Plenary Speaker, International Conference on the "Processing of Lean Grade and Urban Ores, Jamshedpur, India, January 20, 2015. Invited Talk/Keynote, Presented, 01/20/2015.
  • Modeling and Validating Electrodeposition for Commercial Applications, Invited talk, National Metallurgical Laboratory, Jamshedpur, India, January 19, 2015. Invited Talk/Keynote, Presented, 01/19/2015.
  • Transforming Rocks into Metals: Applying Inorganic Chemistry and Modeling to Predict Industrial Performance, Chemistry Department Guest Lecture, University of Utah, October 7, 2014. Invited Talk/Keynote, Presented, 10/07/2014.
  • Incorporating Mineral Associations, Comminution, Agglomeration, and Loading in Heap Leach Modeling, International Minerals Engineering Congress, San Luis Potosi, Mexico, Plenary Speaker, September 23, 2014. Invited Talk/Keynote, Presented, 09/23/2014.
  • Modeling hydrometallurgical extraction of metals from heterogeneous materials, Shechtman International Symposium, (plenary presentation) June 30, 2014. Invited Talk/Keynote, Presented, 06/30/2014.
  • “Incorporating Mineral Associations, Comminution, Agglomeration, and Loading in Heap Leach Modeling,” Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Hydrometallurgy 2014, Victoria, Canada, June 25, 2014. Conference Paper, Refereed, Presented, 06/25/2014.
  • “Hydrometallurgy Teaching Tools to Help Prepare Students for Employment,” Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Hydrometallurgy 2014, Victoria, Canada, June 25, 2014. Conference Paper, Refereed, Presented, 06/25/2014.
  • “Modeling and Measuring Electrodeposition Parameters Near Electrode Surfaces to Facilitate Cell Performance Optimization,” Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Hydrometallurgy 2014, Victoria, Canada, June 24, 2014. Conference Paper, Refereed, Presented, 06/24/2014.
  • “Sensitization modeling of 5xxx alloys”, NACE Annual Meeting, San Antonio, March 10, 2014. Conference Paper, Presented, 03/10/2014.
  • “Long-term corrosion sensitization modeling and validation for 5xxx alloys,” Materials Science and Engineering/Metallurgical Engineering Seminar, January 29, 2014. Other, Presented, 01/29/2014.
  • “Evaluation of Crushed Ore Agglomeration for Copper Ores,” Copper 2013, Santiago Chile, Dec. 4, 2013. Conference Paper, Refereed, Presented, 12/2013.
  • “Copper Extraction and Recovery from Chalcopyrite in Chloride Media,” Copper 2013, Santiago, Chile, Dec. 4, 2013. Conference Paper, Refereed, Presented, 12/2013.
  • “Copper Extraction and Recovery from Chalcopyrite in Chloride Media,” Copper 2013, Santiago, Chile, Dec. 4, 2013. Conference Paper, Refereed, Presented, 12/2013.
  • “Production of High Quality Metals from Minerals Through Controlled and Sustainable Electrochemistry”, keynote speaker, ISE Annual Meeting, Queretaro, Mexico, September 12, 2013. Invited Talk/Keynote, Presented, 09/2013.
  • “Electrometallurgy Fundamentals”, Tres Marias, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Other, Presented, 07/03/2013.
  • “Long-term, low temperature sensitization modeling of 5xxx alloys,” NACE Annual Meeting, Orlando, March 18, 2013. Conference Paper, Refereed, Presented, 03/2013.
  • Effects of Additives and Mass Transport on Copper Electrodeposit Roughness in Chloride Media", Murdoch University, Perth, Australia. Other, Presented, 12/12/2012.
  • “Improved Modeling of Metal Extraction and Electrowinning,” Invited Speaker, 1st International Metallurgical Meeting, Lima, Peru, October 26-27, 2012. Invited Talk/Keynote, Presented, 10/27/2012.
  • “Hydrometallurgy principles,” BHP-Billiton, Escondida, Chile. Other, Presented, 10/10/2012.
  • “Copper Electrorefining Impurity Evaluation”, TMS T. T. Chen Symposium, Orlando, March 12, 2012. Conference Paper, Presented, 03/12/2012.
  • “Electrometallurgy – Now and in the Future,” TMS Electrometallurgy 2012 Symposium, Orlando, March 12, 2012. Invited Talk/Keynote, Presented, 03/12/2012.
  • “Liquid Retention Capacity Measurements and Their Relationship with Agglomeration Moisture”, SME Annual Meeting, Seattle, WA, February 21, 2012. Conference Paper, Presented, 02/21/2012.
  • Evaluation of Mass Transport Effects on the Nucleation and Growth of Electrodeposits,” Keynote paper, Fray International Symposium, 2011. Invited Talk/Keynote, Presented, 11/2011.
  • Long-term Corrosion Damage Prediction Modeling of AA5083 Alloys Based on Experiment, Theory, and Molecular Dynamics Simulations,” DoD Corrosion Conference, July 31-August 5, 2011,LaQuinta Resort and Club in LaQuinta, California. Conference Paper, Presented, 08/2011.
  • Gold adsorption, elution, and electrowinning, Goldfields/Univ. of Mines and Technology, Tarkwa, Ghana. Other, Presented, 07/27/2011.
  • Measuring and modeling copper electrowinning current efficiency in chloride media, June 9, 2010, Hamburg, Copper 2010. Conference Paper, Refereed, Presented, 06/2010.
  • Predicting the effects of locked, partially locked, and liberated valuable mineral grains in copper mineral heap leaching, June 9, 2010, Hamburg, Copper 2010. Conference Paper, Refereed, Presented, 06/2010.
  • Predicting Leaching Solution pH and Acid Consumption in Copper Heap Leaching, June 8, 2010, Hamburg, Copper 2010. Conference Paper, Refereed, Presented, 06/2010.
  • Leaching Fundamentals, Votorantim, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Other, Presented, 05/11/2010.

Languages

  • Portuguese, fluent.

Geographical Regions of Interest

  • Australia
    I am collaborating with a team from Murdoch University in Perth, Australia. I visited the team in Perth in 2014. I have funding from AMIRA International, Ltd., which is based in Australia.
  • Brazil
    I have had some interactions with Brazilian researchers, I speak Portuguese, and I have been to Brazil three times.
  • Canada
    I have multiple collaborations with Canadian researchers, and I have visited Canada multiple times in the last 5 years, including twice in 2016.
  • China
    I have been working with several Chinese scholars and researchers since 2010. I visited these scholars at Northeastern University in Shenyang, and at Shanghai University in Shanghai in August of 2016. I also visited and gave presentations at Northeastern University, Shanghai University, and Central South University in 2018.
  • Mexico
    I have collaborated with research groups in Mexico and have attended conferences there in 2011, 2013, and 2014.
  • South Africa
    I am performing research on a project that is partially funded by Anglo-American, which has operations in South Africa, which I visited in 2015. I also have collaborations with a research group based in Cape Town, South Africa.
  • Thailand
    I have been collaborating with a research team at Kasetsart University in Bangkok, Thailand. I visited the team in Bangkok in 2016.

Publications

  • Michael L Free, Prashant K. Sarswat, and Arun Murali, “Predicting the Effect of Particle Size and Comminution on the Extraction of Metals from E-Waste for Recycling”, Journal of Metallurgy and Materials Science, 64(1-2), 63-73, 2022. Published, 11/01/2022.
  • Arun Murali, Matthew J. Plummer, Adam E. Shine, Michael L. Free, and Prashant K. Sarswat, “Optimized bioengineered copper recovery from Electronic Wastes to Increase Recycling and Reduce Environmental Impact”, Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hazadv.2021.100031, 2022. Published, 09/2022.
  • Arun Murali, Prashant K. Sarswat, Jayson Benedict, Matthew J. Plummer, Adam E. Shine, and Michael L. Free, “Determination of metallic and polymeric contents in electronic waste materials and evaluation of their hydrometallurgical recovery potential”, International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 19(4), 2295-2308, 2022. Published, 08/2022.
  • Prashant K Sarswat, Prasenjit Podder, Zongliang Zhang, Michael L Free, “Autogenous acid production using a regulated bio-oxidation method for economical recovery of REEs and critical metals from coal-based resources” Journal of Applied Surface Science Advances, 11, 100283, 2022. Published, 07/01/2022.
  • Arun Murali, Zongliang Zhang, Adam Shine, Michael L. Free & Prashant K. Sarswat (2022). E-wastes derived sustainable Cu recovery using solvent extraction and electrowinning followed by thiosulfate-based gold and silver extraction. Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances. Vol. 8. Published, 06/01/2022.
  • Prasenjit Podder, Michael L. Free, Prashant K. Sarswat, “Extraction and Recovery of Rare-Earth Elements and Critical Materials from Coal Waste Using Low Cost Processing Methods: Acid Generation Using Acidithiobacillus Ferrooxidans”, Rare Metal Technology 2022, 51-62. Published, 03/01/2022.
  • Arun Murali, Zongliang Zhang & Michael L. Free (2021). A Comprehensive Review of Selected Major Categories of Lithium Isotope Separation Techniques”. Physica Status Solidi A. Vol. 218, 211-216. Published, 10/2021.
  • Arun Murali, Zongliang Zhang, Michael L. Free & Prashant K. Sarswat (2021). A Comprehensive Review of Selected Major Categories of Lithium Isotope Separation Techniques. Physica Status Solidi A. Vol. 218. Published, 07/2021.
  • Prasenjit Podder, Zongliang Zhang, Rick Q. Honaker, Michael L. Free & Prashant K. Sarswat (2021). Evaluating and Enhancing Iron Removal via Filterable Iron Precipitates Formation during Coal-Waste Bioleaching”, . Engineering. Published, 07/2021.
  • Arun Murali, Prashant K. Sarswat, Jayson Benedict, Matthew J. Plummer , Adam E. Shine & Michael L. Free (2021). Determination of metallic and polymeric contents in electronic waste materials and evaluation of their hydrometallurgical recovery potential. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology,. Published, 07/2021.
  • Zongliang Zhang, Landon Allen, Prasenjit Podder, Michael L. Free & Prashant K. Sarswat (2021). Recovery and Enhanced Upgrading of Rare Earth Elements from Coal-Based Resources: Bioleaching and Precipitation. Minerals. Vol. 11. Published, 07/2021.
  • G. Yi, E. Macha, J. VanDyke, R. Macha, T. McKay & M. L. Free (2021). Recent progress on research of molybdenite flotation: A review. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science. Published, 06/2021.
  • Zongliang Zhang, Landon Allen, Prasenjit Podder, Michael L. Free & Prashant K. Sarswat (2021). Recovery and Enhanced Upgrading of Rare Earth Elements from Coal-Based Resources: Bioleaching and Precipitation. Minerals. Vol. 13. Published, 05/2021.
  • Arun Murali, Prashant K. Sarswat, Jayson Benedict, Matthew J. Plummer, Adam E. Shine, and & Michael L. Free (2021). Determination of metallic and polymeric contents in electronic waste materials and evaluation of their hydrometallurgical recovery potential. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. 1-14. Published, 04/2021.
  • Prashant K. Sarswat, Zongliang Zhang & Michael L. Free (2021). Rare Earth Elements Extraction from Coal Waste Using a Biooxidation Approach. Rare Metal Technology 2021. 211-216. Published, 03/2021.
  • Zongliang Zhang, Arun Murali, Prashant K. Sarswat & Michael L. Free (2020). High-efficiency lithium isotope separation in an electrochemical system with 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl. Separation and Purification Technology. Published, 12/2020.
  • Arun Murali, Prashant K Sarswat & Michael L Free (2020). Adsorption-coupled reduction mechanism in ZnO-Functionalized MWCNTs nanocomposite for Cr (VI) removal and improved anti-photocorrosion for photocatalytic reduction. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. Published, 11/2020.
  • Zongliang Zhang, Arun Murali, Prashant K. Sarswat & Michael L. Free (2020). High-efficiency lithium isotope separation by electrochemical deposition and intercalation with electrochemical isotope effect in propylene carbonate and [BMIM][DCA] ionic liquid. Electrochimica Acta. Published, 11/2020.
  • Xiaoshu Lv, Zhiqiang Ning, Michael L Free, Fuhui Cui & Yuchun Zhai (2020). Extraction of Si from Alkaline-Roasted Boron Ore Concentrate. Iranian Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering. Published, 11/2020.
  • Arun Murali, Prashant K Sarswat & Michael L Free (2020). Minimizing electron-hole pair recombination through band-gap engineering in novel ZnO-CeO 2-rGO ternary nanocomposite for photoelectrochemical and photocatalytic applications. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. Vol. 27, 25042-25056. Published, 07/2020.
  • Arun Murali, Prashant K Sarswat, J. Paulo Perez & Michael L. Free (2020). Synergetic effect of surface plasmon resonance and schottky junction in Ag-AgX-ZnO-rGO (X= Cl & Br) nanocomposite for enhanced visible-light driven photocatalysis. Journal Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects. Vol. 595. Published, 06/2020.
  • Arun Murali, Prashant K Sarswat, J. Paulo Perez & Michael L. Free (2020). Synergetic effect of surface plasmon resonance and schottky junction in Ag-AgX-ZnO-rGO (X= Cl & Br) nanocomposite for enhanced visible-light driven photocatalysis. Journal Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects. Vol. 595. Published, 06/2020.
  • Sayan Sarkar, Michael L. Free, Jayson Benedict & Prashant K. Sarswat (2020). Factors affecting the leaching mechanism of Mg bearing oxide impurities in Hydrogen Assisted Magnesiothermic Reduction (HAMR) of TiO2, . Materials Today Chemistry. Vol. 16. Published, 06/2020.
  • Arun Murali, Prashant K Sarswat & Michael L Free (2020). Minimizing electron-hole pair recombination through band-gap engineering in novel ZnO-CeO 2-rGO ternary nanocomposite for photoelectrochemical and photocatalytic applications. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. Published, 06/2020.
  • Prashant K. Sarswat, Taylor Smith, Sayan Sarkar, Arun Murali & Michael L. Free (2020). Design and Fabrication of New High Entropy Alloys for Evaluating Titanium Replacements in Additive Manufacturing, Materials. Materials. Vol. 13. Published, 06/2020.
  • Prashant K. Sarswat, Morgen Leake, Landon Allen, Michael L. Free, Xianwei Hu, Daejin Kim, Aaron Noble & Gerald H. Luttrell (2020). Efficient recovery of rare earth elements from coal based resources: a bioleaching approach,. Materials Today Chemistry. Published, 06/2020.
  • Zongliang Zhang, Wei Liu & Michael L Free (2020). Phase-Field Modeling and Simulation of Gas Bubble Coalescence and Detachment in a Gas-Liquid Two-Phase Electrochemical System. Journal of The Electrochemical Society. Vol. 167. Published, 01/2020.
  • Sayan Sarkar, Prashant K. Sarswat & Michael L. Free (2019). Elevated temperature corrosion resistance of additive manufactured single phase AlCoFeNiTiV0. 9Sm0. 1 and AlCoFeNiV0. 9Sm0. 1 HEAs in a simulated syngas atmosphere. Elsevier. Vol. 30, 100902. Published, 12/01/2019.
  • Arun Murali, Zongliang Zhang, Prashant K. Sarswat & Michael L Free (2019). Measurements and simulations of Li isotope enrichment by diffusion and electrochemical migration using gel-based electrolyte. Separation and Purification Technology. Vol. 226, 181-191. Published, 11/01/2019.
  • Xiaoshu Lu, Fuhui Cui, Zhiqiang Ning, Michael L Free & Yuchun Zhai (2019). Mechanism and Kinetics of Ammonium Sulfate Roasting of Boron-Bearing Iron Tailings for Enhanced Metal Extraction. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute. Vol. 7, 812. Published, 11/2019.
  • Zongliang Zhang, Joshua Werner & Michael Free (2019). Experimental Measurements of the Copper Electrowinning Behavior and Current Efficiency Pre and Post Shorting. COM. Published, 08/19/2019.
  • Wei Liu, Shufeng Yang, Jingshe Li, Feng Wang, Libin Zhu & Michael L Free (2019). Numerical Simulation of the Three-Phase Flow of a Bubble Interacting with the Steel–Slag Interface During the Secondary Refining Process. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B. Vol. 50, 1542-1546. Published, 08/15/2019.
  • Sayan Sarkar, Prashant K Sarswat, Shrikant Saini, Paolo Mele & Michael L Free (2019). Synergistic effect of band convergence and carrier transport on enhancing the thermoelectric performance of Ga doped Cu 2 Te at medium temperatures. Scientific reports. Vol. 9, 1-15. Published, 06/03/2019.
  • Arun Murali, Y. P. Lan, Prashant K. Sarswat & Michael L Free (2019). Synthesis of CeO2/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite for electrochemical determination of ascorbic acid and dopamine and for photocatalytic applications. Materials Today Chemistry. Vol. 12, 222-232. Published, 06/01/2019.
  • Zongliang Zhang & Michael L Free (2019). Review of Progress on Computational Modeling and Simulation of the Zinc Electrowinning Production Process. JOM. Vol. 71, 1623-1633. Published, 05/15/2019.
  • Prashant K. Sarswat, Sayan Sarkar, Arun Murali, Wenkang Huang, Wenda Tan & Michael L Free (2019). Additive manufactured new hybrid high entropy alloys derived from the AlCoFeNiSmTiVZr system. Applied Surface Science. Vol. 476, 242-258. Published, 05/15/2019.
  • Zongliang Zhang, Joshua M. Werner & Michael L. Free (2019). Modeling Nickel Electrowinning with Electrode Diaphragms Based on Nernst-Plank Equation and a Volume Force Form of Darcy's Law. Journal of The Electrochemical Society. Vol. 166, D120-D130. Published, 01/01/2019.
  • Bing Chen , Weizhi Zeng, Tianxiang Nan, Jianguang Yang, Ruiyang Xiao, Chong-Jian Tang, Yanjie Liang & Michael L Free (2019). Study of Tin Electrodeposition with Anion Exchange Membrane in Chloride Solution by a Computational Method. Journal of The Electrochemical Society. Vol. 166, E7-E21. Published, 01/01/2019.
  • Prashant K. Sarswat & Michael L Free (2019). Real-Time Detection of Thiols Using CoPc Modified Black-Phosphorus Based Sensors. Journal of The Electrochemical Society. Vol. 166, B1-B8. Published, 01/01/2019.
  • Prashant K. Sarswat, Zongliang Zhang & Michael L. Free (2019). Portable Scanning Vertical Probes for Localized Electrochemical Properties and Defects Analysis. Journal of The Electrochemical Society. Vol. 166, E512-E520. Published, 01/01/2019.
  • Zongliang Zhang, Prashant K Sarswat , Arun Murali & Michael L Free (2019). Investigation on Lithium Isotope Fractionation with Diffusion, Electrochemical Migration, and Electrochemical Isotope Effect in PEO-PC Based Gel Electrolyte. Journal of The Electrochemical Society. Vol. 166, E145-E152. Published, 01/01/2019.
  • Zongliang Zhang, Joshua Werner & Michael L. Free (2018). Modeling Zinc Electrowinning for Current Efficiency Prediction Based on Nernst-Plank Equation and Electrode Gas Evolution Reaction Kinetics. Journal of the Electrochemical Society. Vol. 165(15), J3246-j3252. Published, 10/2018.
  • Zongliang Zhang, Prashant K. Sarswat & Michael L. Free (2018). Li isotopes concentration flux investigation under conditions of diffusion and electric field assisted migration. Vacuum. Vol. 152, 291-300. Published, 10/2018.
  • Li isotopes concentration flux investigation under conditions of diffusion and electric field assist, Pankaj Kumar & Michael L. Free (2018). Anomalous electrical bistability in lateral grain rich polycrystalline molybdenum disulfide thin films. Vacuum. Vol. 155, 667-674. Published, 09/2018.
  • Shenghua Yin, Leiming Wang , Aixiang Wu, Michael L Free & Eugie Kabwe (2018). Enhancement of copper recovery by acid leaching of high-mud copper oxides: A case study at Yangla Copper Mine, China. Journal of Cleaner Production. Vol. 202, 321-331. Published, 08/2018.
  • Prashant K. Sarswat & Michael L. Free (2018). Electrochemical and Frequency Assisted Dispersion Methods for Lithum-7 Enrichment from Liquid Media. Proceedings of Extraction 2018. 2575-2579. Published, 08/2018.
  • Zongliang Zhang, Joshua Werner & Michael L. Free (2018). A Comprehensive Model for Metal Electrowinning Processes. Proceedings of Extraction 2018. 1485-1495. Published, 08/2018.
  • sayan Sarkar, Wyatt McNeill & Jayson Benedict (2018). Study of the Rate Controlling Steps in the Removal of Magnesium Impurities in Hydrogen Assisted Magnesiothermic Reduction of TiO2 by Leaching. Proceedings of Extraction 2018. 1567-1575. Published, 08/2018.
  • Xiaming Hua, Yongfei Zheng, Qian Xu , Xionggang Lu, Hongwei Cheng, Xingli Zou, Qiushi Song, Zhiqiang Ning & Michael L. Free (2018). The Effect of Anodic Potential on Surface Layers of Chalcopyrite during Ammonia–Ammonium Chloride Leaching. Proceedings of Extraction 2018. 1547-1554. Published, 08/2018.
  • Weizhi Zeng, Shijie Wang, Michael L. Free, Chong-Jian Tang, Ruiyang Xiao & Yanjie Liang (2018). Design and Modeling of an Innovative Copper Electrolytic Cell. Journal of the Electrochemical Society. Vol. 165(14), E798-E807. Published, 07/2018.
  • Pankaj Kumar, Prashant K. Sarswat & Michael L. Free (2018). Hybridized Tungsten Oxide Nanostructures for Food Quality Assessment: Fabrication and Performance Evaluation. Scientific Reports. Vol. 8(1), 3348-3355. Published, 07/2018.
  • Zongliang Zhang, Prashant Sarswat, Jaron Wallace & Michael L Free (2018). Measurements and Simulations of Lithium Isotopes Concentration Fluxes during Electrolytic Lithium-7 Enrichment. ECS Transactions. Vol. 85(4), 79-87. Published, 06/2018.
  • Z. Zak Fang, James Paramore, Pei Sun, K. S. Ravi Chandran, Ying Zhang, Yang Xia, Fei Cao, Mark Koopman & Michael L. Free (2018). Powder metallurgy of titanium-past, present, and future. Journal of Powder Metallurgy and Mining. Vol. 63(7), 407-459. Published, 06/2018.
  • Xiaoming Hua, Yongfei Zheng , Qian Xu , Xionggang Lu, Hongwei Cheng , Xingli Zou, Qiushi Song, Zhiqiang Ning & Michael L. Free (2018). Leaching mechanism and electrochemical oxidation on the surface of chalcopyrite in ammonia-ammonium chloride solution. Journal of the Electrochemical Society. Vol. 165(10), E466-E476. Published, 05/2018.
  • Prashant K. Sarswat, Sayan Sarkar & Michael L. Free (2018). Metal Oxides and Novel Metallates Coated Stable Engineered Steel for Corrosion Resistance Applications. Applied Surface Science. Vol. 456, 328-341. Published, 05/2018.
  • Joshua Werner, Zongliang Zhang & Michael L. Free (2018). Modeling and Validation of Local Electrowinning Electrode Current Density Using Two Phase Flow and Nernst--Planck Equations. Journal of the Electrochemical Society. Vol. 165(5), E190-E2017. Published, 03/2018.
  • Zongliang Zhang, Joshua Werner & Michael L. Free (2018). A Current Efficiency Prediction Model Based on Electrode Kinetics for Iron and Copper During Copper Electrowinning. TMS 2018: Materials Processing Fundamentals. 111-131. Published, 03/2018.
  • Gaosong Yi, Binhan Sun, Jonathan D Poplawsky, , Yakun Zhu & Michael L. Free (2018). Investigation of pre-existing particles in Al 5083 alloys. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. Vol. 740, 461-469. Published, 02/2018.
  • Pankaj Kumar, Prashant K. Sarswat & Michael L. Free (2018). Growth and Capacitive Performance of Metals Engineered Tungsten Oxide Structures and Application in Colorant Sensors. MRS Advances. Vol. 3(13), 691-696. Published, 02/2018.
  • Gaosong Yi, Binhan Sun, Jonathan D Poplawsky, Yakun Zhu, Michael L Free, Investigation of pre-existing particles in Al 5083 alloys, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.12.329, 2017. Published, 12/2017.
  • Hyrum Lefler, Ying Zhang, Z. Zak Fang, Michael L. Free, Zhe Huang, “ Removal of silicon from highly acidic HCl medium to produce purified TiO2, Hydrometallurgy 173, 28-33, 2017. Published, 10/2017.
  • Prashant K. Sarswat, Pankaj Kumar, Sayan Sarkar & Michael L Free (2017). Growth and Examination of Non-linear Electrical Behavior of Bulk Lead-Tin-Selenide. Vacuum. Vol. 146, 422-429. Published, 10/2017.
  • Ying Zhang, Z. Zak Fang, Pei Sun, Shili Zheng, Yang Xia & Michael Free (2017). A perspective on thermochemical and electrochemical processes for titanium metal production. JOM. Vol. 69(10), 1861-1868. Published, 10/2017.
  • Parunyoo Kamnerdkhag, Michael L. Free, Akeel A. Shah & Aphichart Rodchanarowan (2017). The effects of duty cycles on pulsed current electrodeposition of Zn-Ni-Al2O3 composite on steel substrate: Microstructures, hardness and corrosion resistance. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. Vol. 42(32), 20783-20790. Published, 10/2017.
  • Z. Zak Fang, James Paramore, Pei Sun, K.S. Ravi Chandran, Ying Zhang, Yang Xia, Fei Cao, Mark Koopman and Michael Free, Powder metallurgy of titanium-past, present, and future, International Materials Reviews, (DOI: 10.1080/09506608.2017.1366003). Published, 10/2017.
  • Prashant K. Sarswat, M. Jagannathan & Michael L. Free (2017). The photovoltaic cells performance in different segments of spatial-spectral distributions. Vacuum. Vol. 146, 542-547. Published, 08/2017.
  • Gaosong Yi and Michael L. Free, “Accounting for Alloy Variability in Al 5xxx Sensitization Prediction”, Department of Defense - Allied Nations Technical Corrosion Conference, Paper No. 2017-471811, 1-10, 2017. Published, 08/2017.
  • Gaosong Yi, Weizhi Zeng, Jonathan D Poplawsky, David A Cullen, Zhifen Wang & Michael L. Free (2017). Characterization and Modeling of β-Phase Precipitation in Al5xxx Alloys Aged at Low Temperatures. J. Mater. Sci. & Tech. Vol. 33, 991-1003. Published, 07/2017.
  • Prashant K. Sarswat, Nipon Deka, S Jagan Mohan Rao, Michael L Free & Gagan Kumar (2017). Surface Texture Induced Enhancement of Optical and Photoelectrochemical Activity of Cu2ZnSnS4 Photocathodes. J. Electronic Materials. Vol. 46(8), 5308-5318. Published, 06/2017.
  • Sayan Sarkar, Prashant K. Sarswat & Michael L. Free (2017). Modifying the band-structure and properties of Zirconium Telluride Using Phosphorus addition. vacuum. Vol. 146, 554-561. Published, 06/2017.
  • Prashant K. Sarswat, Sayan Sarkar, Gaosong Yi & Michael L Free (2017). Phosphorus Doped SnTe Type Needle-Like Crystals: Band Structure Modifications and Electronic Properties. Journal of Physical Chemistry C. Vol. 121(33), 18263-18273. Published, 05/2017.
  • Prashant K. Sarswat, Yogendra Kumar Mishra & Michael L. Free (2017). Fabrication and response of alpha-hydroxybutyrate sensors for rapid assessment of cardiometabolic disease risk. Biosensors and Bioelectronics. Vol. 89, 334-342. Published, 04/2017.
  • Gaosong Yi, Kenneth C Littrell, Jonathan D Poplawsky, David A Cullen, Erik Sundberg, Michael L. Free, Characterization of the Effects of Different Tempers and Aging Temperatures on the Precipitation Behavior of Al-Mg (5.25 at.%)-Mn Alloys, Materials and Design, 118, 22-35, 2017. Published, 04/2017.
  • Dhiman Bhattacharyya, Prashant K. Sarswat & Michael L. Free, (2017). Quantum Dots and Cabon Dots Based Fluorescent Sensors for TB Biomarkers Detection. Vacuum. Vol. 146, 606-613. Published, 04/2017.
  • Erik Sundberg, Gaosong Yi, Michael L. Free, Understanding Variations in Sensitization Amongst Alloys, NACE 2017, paper C2017-9761, 2017. Published, 04/2017.
  • Ying Zhang, Zhigang Zak Fang, Yang Yia, Pei Sun, Brian Van Devener, Michael L. Free, Hyrum Leffler, and Shili Zheng, Hydrogen Assisted Magnesiothermic Reduction of TiO2, Chemical Engineering Journal, 308, 299-310, 2017. Published, 03/2017.
  • Sayan Sarkar, Prashant K. Sarswat, Weizhi Zeng, and Michael L. Free, “Conceptualization of Doped Black P Thin Films for Potential Use in Photovoltaics with Validation from First Principle Calculations,” in Applications of Process Engineering Principles in materials Processing, Energy and Environmental Technologies, An EPD Symposiumin Honor of Professor Ramana G. Reddy,” Ed. Shijie. Wang, Michael. L. Free, Shafiq Alam, Mingming Zhang, Patrick R. Taylor, Springer, Cham, Switzerland, 395-400, 2017. Published, 03/2017.
  • Yakun Zhu, Michael L. Free, Richard Woollam & Wil Durnie (2017). A Review of Surfactants as Corrosion Inhibitors and Associated Modeling. Progress in Materials Science. Vol. 90, 159-223. Published, 03/2017.
  • Weizhi Zeng, Gaosong Yi, Shijie Wang & Michael L Free (2017). Design and analysis of direct side inflows in copper electrolytic cells by a computational method. Hydrometallurgy. Vol. 169, 612-620. Published, 03/2017.
  • Gaosong Yi,, David A. Cullen, Yakun Zhu, Erik Sundberg, Alexander T. Derrick, Michael L. Free & William Golumbfskie (2017). Characterization of Al-Mg Alloys Aged at Low Temperatures. Metallurgical Transactions A. Vol. 48(4), 2040-2050. Published, 03/2017.
  • “Applications of Process Engineering Principles in materials Processing, Energy and Environmental Technologies, An EPD Symposiumin Honor of Professor Ramana G. Reddy,” Ed. Shijie. Wang, Michael. L. Free, Shafiq Alam, Mingming Zhang, Patrick R. Taylor, Springer, Cham, Switzerland, 2017. Published, 03/2017.
  • Weizhi Zeng, Michael L. Free, Shijie Wang, “Understanding Slime Adhesion and Behavior in Copper Electrorefining,” in Applications of Process Engineering Principles in materials Processing, Energy and Environmental Technologies, An EPD Symposiumin Honor of Professor Ramana G. Reddy,” Ed. Shijie. Wang, Michael. L. Free, Shafiq Alam, Mingming Zhang, Patrick R. Taylor, Springer, Cham, Switzerland, 25-34, 2017. Published, 03/2017.
  • Yang Xia, Z. Zak Fang, Pei Sun, Ying Zhang, Tuoyang Zhang, Michael Free, The effect of molten salt on oxygen removal from titanium and its alloys using calcium” Journal of Materials Science, 52(7): 4120-4128, 2017. Published, 02/2017.
  • Ying Zhang, Z. Zak Fang, Pei Sun, Yang Xia, Michael L Free, Zhe Huang, Hyrum Lefler, Tuoyang Zhang & Jun Guo (2017). Kinetically enhanced metallothermic redox of TiO2 by Mg in molten sal. Chemical Engineering Journal. Vol. 328, 169-182. Published, 02/2017.
  • Prashant K. Sarswat and Michael L. Free, “Frequency and atomic mass based selective electrochemical recovery of rare earth metals and isotopes” Electrochimica Acta, 219, 435-446, 2016. Published, 11/2016.
  • Joshua Werner and Michael L. Free, “Modeling and Validation of Electrowinning to Facilitate Operational Optimization,” Copper 2016 Proceedings, EL5-2, pp. 2112-2123, 2016. Published, 11/2016.
  • Shijie Wang, Weizhi Zeng, and Michael L. Free, “Revolutionary Changes for Electrolytic Configurations in Industrial Copper Electrolysis Applications, Copper 2016 Proceedings, EL8-1, pp. 2232-2243, 2017. Published, 11/2016.
  • Michael L. Free, Weizhi Zeng, and Shijie Wang, “Slime Mobility and Transport Effects on Cathode Purity in Copper Electrorefining,” Copper 2016 Proceedings, EL4-3, pp. 2076-2083, 2017. Published, 11/2016.
  • Michael L. Free, Multi-Physics Modelling and Validation of Copper Heap Leaching Performance, Copper 2016 Proceedings, HY3-1, pp. 1563-1574, 2017. Published, 11/2016.
  • Weizhi Zeng, Michael L. Free, and Shijie Wang, “A Comparative Study of Electrolyte Flow and Slime Particle Transport in a Newly Designed Copper Electrolytic Cell and a Lab-scale Conventional Electrolytic Cell, JOM, doi:10.1007/s11837-016-2076-x, 2016. Published, 10/2016.
  • Weizhi Zeng, Shijie Wang, Michael L. Free, Experimental Studies of the Effects of Anode Composition and Process Parameters on Anode Slime Adhesion and Cathode Copper Purity by Performing Copper Electrorefining in a Pilot-Scale Cell,” Metallurgical Transactions B, 47(5), 3178-3179, 2016. Published, 10/2016.
  • Prashant K Sarswat , Sayan Sarkar, Jae-Hun Cho, Dhiman, Bhattacharyya, and Michael L Free, “Structural and Electrical Irregularities Caused by Selected Dopants in Black-Phosphorus”, ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology 5 Q3026-Q3032, 2016. Published, 10/2016.
  • “Electrometallurgy 2016,” Ed. G. Houlachi, M. L. Free, M. Agnew, M. S. Moats, F. Mohammadi, E. Asselin, C. Brown, E. Guerra, A. Ghahremaninezhad, S. Wang, CIM, 2016. Published, 09/2016.
  • Jian Liu, Liuchun Zheng, Yaowei Li, Michael Free, and Mingzhu Yang “Adsorptive Recovery of Palladium (II) from Aqueous Solution onto Cross-linked Chitosan/montmorillonite Membrane,” Royal Society of Chemistry Advances, 6, 51757-51767 2016. Published, 08/2016.
  • Michael L. Free, “Enhanced Nanoparticle Removal Using Surfactants,” MRS Advances, 1 (31), 2213-2224, 2016. Published, 08/2016.
  • Ying Zhang ; Zhigang Zak Fang ; Yang Xia ; Zhe Huang ; Hyrum Lefler ; Tuoyang Zhang ; Pei Sun ; Michael L. Free ; Jun Guo A novel chemical pathway for energy efficient production of Ti metal from upgraded titanium slag, Chemical Engineering Journal, 286, 517-527, 2016. Published, 08/2016.
  • Weizhi Zeng, Shijie Wang, and Michael L. Free, “Simulation Study of Electrolyte Flow and Slime Particle Transport in a Newly Designed Copper Electrorefining Cell” ECS Transactions 72(22), 23-42, 2016. Published, 07/2016.
  • Sayan Sarkar, Prashant K. Sarswat, and Michael L. Free “Modification of Electronic and Vibrational Properties of Doped Black-P Films,” MRS Advances, 1(32), 2285-2290, 2016. Published, 06/2016.
  • Yakun Zhu, Michael L Free, and Jae-Hun Cho, Integrated evaluation of Mixed Surfactants’ Distribution in Water-Oil-Steel Pipe Environments and Associated corrosion Inhibition Efficiency, submitted for publication, Corrosion Science, 110, 213-227, 2016. Published, 06/2016.
  • Weizhi Zeng, Michael L. Free, Shijie Wang, “Experimental and Simulation Studies of Electrolyte Flow and Slime Particle Transport in a Pilot Scale Copper Electrorefining Cell, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 163 (5) E111-E122, 2016. Published, 06/2016.
  • Prashant Sarswat, Sayan Sarkar; Dhiman Bhattacharyya, Ph.D.; Jaehun Cho; Michael L Free, Dopants Induced Structural and Optical Anomalies of Anisotropic Edges of Black Phosphorous Thin Films and Crystals, Ceramics International, 42(11), 13113–13127 2016. Published, 05/2016.
  • Amarchand Sathyapalan, Michael L. Free, Zak Fang, “Exploring Alternative Methods for Titanium Production”, Ti-2015 Conference Proceedings, 2015. Published, 05/2016.
  • Yakun Zhu, Michael L. Free, and Gaosong Yi, The effects of surfactant concentration, adsorption, aggregation, and solution conditions on steel corrosion inhibition and associated modeling in aqueous media, Corrosion Science, 102, 233-250, 2016. Published, 04/2016.
  • Prashant K. Sarswat, Dhiman Bhattacharyya, Michael L. Free, and Manoranjan Misra, Augmented Z scheme blueprint for efficient solar water splitting system using quaternary chalcogenide absorber material, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 18, 3788-3803, 2016. Published, 04/2016.
  • Yakun Zhu and Michael L. Free, Experimental investigation and modeling of the performance of pure and mixed surfactant inhibitors: micellization and corrosion inhibition, Colloids and Surfaces A Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 489,407, 2016. Published, 03/2016.
  • Jae-Hun Cho, Syamantak Roy, Michael L. Free, Zak Fang, Purification of Reduced Titania Slag by Iron Removal Using Mild Acids, Hydrometallurgy, 161, 7-13, 2016. Published, 03/2016.
  • Jaehun Cho, Syamantak Roy, Amarchand Sathyapalan, Michael L. Free, Zhigang Zak Fang Investigation of Iron Removal from Reduced Upgraded Titania Slag Using Mild Acids, Rare Metal Technology, 2016, TMS, Warrendale, PA, pp. 143-150, 2016. Published, 03/2016.
  • Syamantak Roy, Jaehun Cho, Amarchand Sathyapalan, Michael Free, Zhigang Fang Production of Titanium Hydride Powder by leaching of Aluminum, Iron and Silicon impurities from reduced upgraded titania slag for low cost titanium production, Chapter 85 in Light Metals Supplemental Proceedings 2016, TMS, Warrendale, PA, pp. 711-719, 2016. Published, 03/2016.
  • Michael L. Free “The Use of Surfactants to Enhance Particle Removal from Surfaces,” Chapter 13 in Volume 1: Developments in Surface Contamination and Cleaning, 2nd edition, ed. Rajiv Kohli and K. L. Mittal, Elsevier, pp. 595-626, 2016. Published, 02/2016.
  • Weizhi Zeng, Michael L. Free, Shijie Wang, Studies of Anode Slime Sintering/Coalescence and Its Effects on Anode Slime Adhesion and Cathode Purity in Copper Electrorefining, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 163(2):E14-E31, 2016. Published, 02/2016.
  • Gaosong Yi, Yakun ZhuYakun Zhu, Erik Sundberg, and Michael Free, Sensitization prediction and validation for 5xxx Alloys Exposed to long-term cyclical and contant heating at low temperatures, Corrosion, 72(2), 177-186, 2016. Published, 02/2016.
  • Weizhi Zeng, Michael Free, Joshua Werner, and Shijie Wang, Simulation and Validation Studies of Impurity Particle Behavior in Copper Electrorefining, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 162 (14) E338-E352, 2015. Published, 11/2015.
  • Yakun Zhu and Michael L. Free, “Mixed Surfactant Aggregation, Adsorption, and Associated Steel Corrosion Inhibition in Salt Solution,” International Journal of Corrosion and Scale Inhibition, 4(4), 311, 2015. Published, 09/2015.
  • Michael L. Free, Modelling Heap Leaching PLS from Valuable Mineral Associations and Leaching Parameters, Proceedings of Heap Leach Solutions, 2015, Reno, Nevada, 2015. Published, 09/2015.
  • Prashant Sarswat and Michael L. Free “Quantum dots and light emitting diodes from food, beverage, and combustion wastes”, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys, 17, 27642—27652, 2015. Published, 08/2015.
  • Zhiqiang Ning, Yakun Zhu, and Michael L. Free, “Experimental and Modeling Investigation of Pure and Mixed Surfactant Aggregation and Associated Steel Corrosion Inhibition in Aqueous Media,” Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., 10 10462-10477, 2015. Published, 08/2015.
  • Dhiman Bhattacharyya, Prashant Sarswat, M. Islam, G. Kumar, Manoranjan Misra, Michael L. Free, Geometrical modifications and tuning of optical and surface plasmon resonance behavior of Au and Ag coated TiO2 nanotubular array, Royal Society of Chemistry Advances, 5, 70361–70370, 2015. Published, 08/2015.
  • Yakun Zhu and Michael L. Free, “Experimental Investigation and Modeling of the Performance of Pure and Mixed Surfactant Inhibitors: Partitioning andDistribution inWater-Oil Environments, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 162 (14) C702-C717, 2015. Published, 07/2015.
  • York Smith, Prashant Sarswat, Manoranjan Misra, Michael L. Free, “Duality in resistance switching behavior of TiO2-Cu2ZnSnS4 device”. ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology, 4 (8) Q83-Q91, 2015. Published, 06/2015.
  • Yakun Zhu, Michael L. Free, Gaosong Yi, Experimental investigation and modeling of the performance of pure and mixed surfactant inhibitors: aggregation, adsorption, and corrosion inhibition on steel pipe in aqueous phase, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 162 (10), C582-C591, 2015. Published, 05/2015.
  • Prashant Sarswat, Michael Free, "Long-Term Stability of Mixed Perovskites" 2015 MRS Spring Meeting, MRSS15-2137945, 2015. Published, 05/2015.
  • Yakun Zhu and Michael L. Free, Electrochemical measurement, modeling, and prediction of steel corrosion inhibition using surfactants in salt solution, ECS Transactions, 66 (17), 53-57, 2015. Published, 05/2015.
  • Yakun Zhu, Michael L. Free, Evaluation of Ion Effects on Surfactant Aggregation from Improved Molecular Thermodynamic Modeling, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 54, 9052, 2015. Published, 04/2015.
  • G Yi, DA Cullen, AT Derrick, Y Zhu, ML FreeEffects of Different Temper and Aging Temperature on the Precipitation Behavior of Al 5xxx Alloy, Light Metals 2015, 359-365, 2015. Published, 03/2015.
  • Gaosong Yi, Alexander T. Derrick, Yakun Zhu, and Michael L. Free, “A Collector Plate Mechanism Based Classical Intergranular Precipitation Theory for Al 5xxx Alloy Sensitized at Low Temperature” Metallurgical Transactions A, 46(11), 5393-5406, 2015. Published, 03/2015.
  • Prashant K. Sarswat, Michael L. Free, The effects of dopant impurities on Cu2ZnSnS4 system Raman properties, Journal of Materials Science, 50, 1613, 2015. Published, 03/2015.
  • Yakun Zhu and Michael L. Free, Electrochemical measurement, modeling, and prediction of corrosion inhibition efficiency of ternary mixtures of homologous surfactants in salt solution Corrosion Science, 98, 417-429, 2015. Published, 03/2015.
  • Weizhi Zeng, Joshua Werner, and Michael L. Free, “Experimental Studies on Impurity Particle Behavior in Electrolyte and the Associated Distribution on the Cathode in the Process of Copper Electrorefining,” Hydrometallurgy, 156, 232, 2015. Published, 02/2015.
  • Prashant K Sarswat, Amarchand Sathyapalan, Michael L. Free, Current trends in molecular functional monolayers, invited chapter in Anti-Abrasive Nanocoatings: Current and Future Applications, ed. Mahmood Aliofkhazraei, Woodhead Publishing Limited, 331-348, 2015. Published, 02/2015.
  • Nikhil Dhawan, M. Sadegh Safarzadeh, Jan D. Miller, Michael S. Moats, Michael L. Free “Understanding the agglomeration behavior of selected copper ores using statistical design of experiments,” Mineral Processing & Extractive Metall. Rev., 36: 13–25, 2015. Published, 01/2015.
  • Gaosong Yi, Michael Free, Yakun Zhu, and Alexander Derrick, "Capillarity effect controlled precipitate growth at the grain boundary of long-term aging Al 5083 alloy" Metallurgical Transactions A, 45(11), 4851-4862, 2014. Published, 09/2014.
  • Prashant K Sarswat, Amarchand Sathyapalan, Michael L. Free, Current trends in molecular functional monolayers, invited chapter in Anti-Abrasive Nanocoatings: Current and Future Applications, ed. Mahmood Aliofkhazraei, Woodhead Publishing Limited, 331-348, 2014. Published, 09/2014.
  • Amarchand Sathyapalan, Prashant Sarswat, Yakun Zhu, Michael L. Free, "Advanced portable selective non-invasive ketone body detection sensors based on new ionophores" Materials Research Express, 1, 045409, 1-16, 2014. Published, 08/2014.
  • Prashant Sarswat, Michael L. Free and Gagan Kumar, “An investigation of nanocrystalline and electrochemically grown Cu2ZnSnS4 thin film using redox couples of different band offset," accepted for publication in Journal of Spectroscopy, Vol. 2013, Article ID 321483, 1-9, 2013. Published, 08/2014.
  • Prashant Sarswat and Michael L. Free, The effects of dopant impurities on Cu2ZnSnS4 system Raman properties, Journal of Materials Science, Article ID 154694, 1-7, 2014. Published, 07/2014.
  • M. L. Free, Modeling hydrometallurgical extraction of metals from heterogeneous materials, Shechtman International Symposium Conference Proceedings, 2014. Published, 06/2014.
  • Michael L. Free, Hydrometallurgy Teaching Tools to Help Prepare Students for Employment, Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Hydrometallurgy 2014, Vol. 1, ed. E. Asselin, D. Dixon, F. Doyle, D. Dreisinger, M. Jeffrey, M. Moats, MetSoc, Westmount, Canada, 471-479, 2014. Published, 06/2014.
  • Abhijeet Shukla and Michael L. Free, Modeling and Measuring Electrodeposition Parameters Near Electrode Surfaces to Facilitate Cell Performance Optimization, Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Hydrometallurgy 2014, Vol. 2, ed. E. Asselin, D. Dixon, F. Doyle, D. Dreisinger, M. Jeffrey, M. Moats, MetSoc, Westmount, Canada, 67-78, 2014. Published, 06/2014.
  • Michael L. Free, Incorporating Mineral Associations, Comminution, Agglomeration, and Loading in Heap Leach Modeling, Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Hydrometallurgy 2014, Vol. 1, ed. E. Asselin, D. Dixon, F. Doyle, D. Dreisinger, M. Jeffrey, M. Moats, MetSoc, Westmount, Canada, 431-442, 2014. Published, 06/2014.
  • Amarchand Sathyapalan, Michael L. Free, Zak Fang, “Low cost titanium production by green chemical synthesis routes,” Powdermetallurgy Conference Proceedings, Orlando, May 2014. Published, 05/2014.
  • M. R. Robison, M. L. Free, Modeling and Experimental Validation of Electroplating Deposit Distributions from Copper Sulfate Solutions, ECS Transactions, 61(21), 27-36, 2014. Published, 05/2014.
  • Prashant K. Sarswat, Michael L. Free, Quantum Dot Based Sensing Platform for Selective Detection of Volatile Organic Compounds and Biomarkers, ECS Transactions, 61 (19) 11-16, 2014. Published, 05/2014.
  • Nikhil Dhawan, M. Sadegh Safarzadeh, Jan D. Miller, Michael S. Moats, Michael L. Free “Understanding the agglomeration behavior of nickel laterite and gold ore using statistical design of experiments,” Minerals & Metallurgical Processing, Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 21-33, 2014. Published, 05/2014.
  • Gaosong Yi, Yakun Zhu, David A. Cullen, Alexander T. Derrick, Michael L. Free, Precipitates in Long-Term-Aged Al 5083 Alloy, Light Metals Proceedings, TMS Annual Meeting, 2014. Published, 03/2014.
  • Aphichart Rodchanarowan, Prashant K Sarswat, Ravindra Bhide, and Michael L. Free, “Production of copper from minerals through controlled and sustainable electrochemistry,” Electrochimica Acta, 140, 447-456, 2014. Published, 03/2014.
  • Michael L. Free, Biohydrometallurgy, Chapter 2.8 in Treatise of Process Metallurgy, Vol. 3, ed. Seshadri Seetharaman, Elsevier, Oxford, UK, 983-994, 2014. Published, 01/2014.
  • Prashant K. Sarswat, Michael L. Free, “Utility of by-product quantum dots obtained during synthesis of Cu2ZnSnS4 colloidal ink, Ceramics International, 40(1) Part A, January, pp. 859-869, 2014. Published, 01/2014.
  • Michael L. Free and Michael S. Moats, Hydrometallurgy, Chapter 2.7 in Treatise of Process Metallurgy, Vol. 3, ed. Seshadri Seetharaman, Elsevier, Oxford, UK, 949-982, 2014. Published, 01/2014.
  • Nikhil Dhawan, Michael S. Moats, Michael L. Free, Raj K. Rajamani, Jan D. Miller, and Chen L. Lin, Evaluation of Crushed Ore Agglomeration for Copper Ores, Copper 2013, Santiago Chile, Dec. 1-4, 2013, Proceedings, IIMCH, Santiago, Vol. 4, 401-415, 2013. Published, 12/2013.
  • Baoping Zhang and Michael L. Free, Copper Extraction and Recovery from Chalcopyrite in Chloride Media, Copper 2013, Santiago Chile, Dec. 1-4, 2013, Proceedings, IIMCH, Santiago, Vol. 4, 469-480, 2013. Published, 12/2013.
  • Michael L. Free, Ravindra Bhide, and Aphichard Rodchanarowan, Evaluation of Mass Transport Effects on the Nucleation and Growth of Electrodeposits, Journal of Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy, 122(4), 223-228, 2013. Published, 12/2013.
  • Gaosong Yi, Yakun Zhu, David A. Cullen, Alexander T. Derrick, Michael L. Free, Precipitates in Long-Term-Aged Al 5083 Alloy, Light Metals Proceedings, TMS Annual Meeting, 2014. Accepted, 11/2013.
  • Michael L. Free, Hydrometallurgy Fundamentals and Applications, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey, 2013. Published, 10/2013.
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  • Prashant Sarswat and Michael L. Free, "Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Response from Copper Antimony Zinc Sulfide Thin Films on Transparent Conducting Electrode," International Journal of Photoenergy, Vol. 2013, Article ID 154694, 1-7, 2013. Published, 08/2013.
  • P. K. Sarswat, M. L. Free, “Contact Engineering for Cu2ZnSnS4 – Alternative back contact: A Preliminary Evaluation,” Journal of Crystal Growth, 372, 87, 2013. Published, 08/2013.
  • P K Sarswat, M. L. Free, Bifacial photodetector using chalcogenide absorber,” IEEE proceedings of ICEE 2012 pp. 1-3, 15-17 Dec 2012 doi: 10.1109/ICEmElec.2012.6636255.. Published, 03/2013.
  • “EPD Congress 2013,” Ed. M. L. Free, A. H. Siegmund, TMS, Warrendale, 2013. Published, 03/2013.
  • T. Vethosodsakda, M. L. Free, A. Janwong and M. S. Moats, “Evaluation of liquid retention capacity measurements as a tool for estimating optimal ore agglomeration moisture content,” accepted for publication in the International Journal of Mineral Processing, 119, 58-64, 2013. Published, 02/2013.
  • P. K. Sarswat, A. Sathyapalan, Y. Zhu, and M. L. Free, “A New TPA-Thiophene Based Molecule with imine group: An Evaluation of Optical Properties”, Journal of Theoretical and Applied Physics, DOI:10.1186/2251-7235-7-4, 2013. Published, 01/2013.
  • P. K. Sarswat, M. L. Free, “An Assessment of Contact Engineering for the Cu2ZnSnS4-alternative back contact" has been accepted for publication in Materials Focus, 2013. Accepted, 12/2012.
  • M. L. Free and S. Wang, “Brief Overview of Innovations in Hydrometallurgical and Electrometallurgical Processing Associated with 2012 Symposia”, JOM, 64(11), 1277-1278, 2012. Published, 11/2012.
  • P. K. Sarswat and M. L. Free, “An Evaluation of Depletion Layer Photoactivity in Cu2ZnSnS4 Thin Film”, Thin Solid Films, 520, 4422, 2012. Published, 10/2012.
  • Michael L. Free, Improved Modeling of Metal Extraction and Electrowinning, 1st International Metallurgical Meeting, Conference Proceedings, Metal Extraction, Volume 2, pp. 1-13, 2012. Published, 10/2012.
  • Prashant K Sarswat and Michael L Free, “An Evaluation of Energy Band Gap versus Temperature in Cu2ZnSnS4 Absorber Material,” Physica B, 407, 108, 2012. Published, 09/2012.
  • A. Rodchanarowan, M. L. Free, “The Influence of Organic Additives on Surface Microroughness of Copper Deposits from Cuprous Solution under Potentiostatic Conditions" Materials Transactions, 53(9), 1695-1698, 2012. Published, 09/2012.
  • P K Sarswat and M L Free, “A Comparative Study of Co-electrodeposited CZTS Absorber Material on FTO and Molybdenum Substrate”, Journal of Electronic Materials, 41, 2210, 2012. Published, 08/2012.
  • Prashant K Sarswat, M. L. Free, A. Tiwari, “Temperature dependent Raman Study of CZTS (Cu2ZnSnS4) thin film” Physica Status Solidi B 248, 2170, 2012. Published, 05/2012.
  • Prashant K. Sarswat, M. L. Free, A. Tiwari, M. Snure, “CZTS Thin Films on Transparent Conducting Electrodes by Electrochemical Technique" Thin Solid Films, 520, 1694, 2012. Published, 05/2012.
  • Electrometallurgy – Now and in the Future, Proceedings of Electrometallurgy 2012 Symposium, Ed. M. L. Free, M. S. Moats, G. Houlachi, E. Asselin, A. Allanore, J. Yurko, S. Wang, TMS, Warrendale, 2012. Published, 03/2012.
  • Proceedings of the T. T. Chen Symposium, Ed. S. Wang, J. E. Dutrizac, M. L. Free, J. Y. Hwang, D. Kim, TMS, Warrendale, 2012. Published, 03/2012.
  • Yakun Zhu, David Cullen, Soumya Kar, Michael L. Free, Larry Allard, Experimental Validation of Long-term Thermal Exposure Sensitization of AA5xxx Alloys, NACE International Corrosion Conference Proceedings, 2012. Published, 03/2012.
  • Yakun Zhu, David Cullen, Soumya Kar, Michael L. Free, Larry Allard, Evaluation of Al3Mg2 precipitates and Mn-rich phase in aluminum-magnesium alloy based on scanning transmission electron microscopy imaging, accepted for publication in Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 43(13), 4933-4393, 2012. Published, 03/2012.
  • Electrometallurgy – Now and in the Future, Electrometallurgy 2012, TMS. Published, 02/2012.
  • Copper Electrorefining Impurity Evaluation, T. T. Chen Symposium, TMS, 2012. Published, 02/2012.
  • A. Opara, D. J. Adams, M. L. Free, J. McLennan, J. Hamilton, Microbial Production of Methane and Carbon Dioxide from Lignite, Bituminous Coal, and Bituminous Coal Waste Materials. International Journal of Coal Geology, (96-97), 1-8, 2012. Published, 02/2012.
  • Michael L. Free, Ravindra Bhide, and Aphichard Rodchanarowan, Evaluation of Mass Transport Effects on the Nucleation and Growth of Electrodeposits, Fray International Symposium, Invited keynote paper, Vol. 6, 453-466, 2012. Accepted, 12/01/2011.
  • P K Sarswat and Michael L Free, “A Demonstration of Sol - gel synthesized Bifacial CZTS-Photoelectrochemical cell” Phys. Status Solidi A, 208, 2861, 2011. Published, 11/2011.
  • Michael L. Free, Minor Elements Recovery and Impurity Control in Industrial Metal Processing, JOM, 63(8), 89, 2011. Published, 07/30/2011.
  • Yakun Zhu, Soumya Kar, Michael L. Free, Long-term Corrosion Damage Prediction Modeling of AA5083 Alloys Based on Experiment, Theory, and Molecular Dynamics Simulations, DoD Corrosion Conference Proceedings, July 31-August 5, 2011, LaQuinta Resort and Club in LaQuinta, California. Accepted, 07/2011.