Ken L. Monson portrait
  • Assistant Professor, Mechanical Engineering
  • Adjunct Associate Professor, Biomedical Engineering
  • Associate Professor, Mechanical Engineering
801-585-5191

Publications

  • Anderl, WJ; Pearson, N, Converse, M. I., Yu, S. M. & Monson, K.L. (2023). Molecular-level collagen damage is strain rate dependent in cerebral arteries stretched to failure. Acta Biomaterialia. Vol. 164, 282-292. Published, 05/01/2023.
  • Boiczyk GM, Pearson N, Kote VB, Sundaramurthy A, Subramaniam, D. R., Rubio, J. E., Unnikrishnan, G., Reifman, J. & Monson, K. (2023). Rate- and Region-Dependent Mechanical Properties of Göttingen Minipig Brain Tissue in Simple Shear and Unconfined Compression. Journal of Biomechanical Engineering. Vol. 145. Published, 02/01/2023.
  • Lu L, Liu X & Bian K (2022). The Effect of Three-Dimensional Whole, Major, and Small Vasculature on Mouse Brain Strain Under Both Diffuse and Focal Brain Injury Loading. Journal of biomechanical engineering. Vol. 144. Published, 04/01/2022.
  • Pearson N, Boiczyk GM, Kote VB & Sundaramurthy A (2022). A Strain Rate-Dependent Constitutive Model for Göttingen Minipig Cerebral Arteries. Journal of biomechanical engineering. Vol. 144. Published, 04/01/2022.
  • Converse MI & Nye KS (2022). Stretch-Induced Intimal Failure in Isolated Cerebral Arteries as a Function of Development. Annals of biomedical engineering. Vol. 49, 354035493540-3549. Published, 03/01/2022.
  • Carr, C., Scoville, J., Ruble, J., Condie, C., Davis, G., Floyd, C., Kelly, L., Monson, K., Reichert, E., Sarigul, B. & Hawryluk, G. (2021). An Audit and Comparison of pH, Measured Concentration, and Particulate Matter in Mannitol and Hypertonic Saline Solutions. Frontiers in Neurology. Vol. 12. Published, 05/17/2021.
  • Converse MI (2021). Biaxial softening of isolated cerebral arteries following axial overstretch. Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials. Vol. 118, 104447104447. Published, 05/01/2021.
  • Rubio, J. E. & Skotak, M., Alay, E., Sundaramurthy, A., Subramaniam, D. R., Kote, V. B., Yeoh, S., Monson, K., Chandra, N., Unnikrishnan, G., Reifman, J. (2020). Does blast exposure to the torso cause a blood surge to the brain?. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology. Vol. 8, 1401. Published, 12/17/2020.
  • Monson KL, Converse MI & Manley GT (2020). Cerebral blood vessel damage in traumatic brain injury. Clinical biomechanics (Bristol, Avon). Vol. 64, 98-113. Published, 04/01/2020.
  • Mogharrabi, F., Kuhlenhoelter, J., Anderson, B., Kauser, K. & Monson, K. (2019). Effect of Photoactivated Cross-Linking Compound on Mechanical Properties of Porcine Carotid Arteries Post-Angioplasty. ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. Published, 11/2019.
  • Unnikrishnan, G. (2019). A 3-D rat brain model for blast-wave exposure: effects of brain vasculature and material properties. Annals of Biomedical Engineering. Published, 11/2019.
  • Marino M, Converse MI, Monson KL & Wriggers P (2019). Molecular-level collagen damage explains softening and failure of arterial tissues: A quantitative interpretation of CHP data with a novel elasto-damage model. Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials. Vol. 97, 254-271. Published, 08/01/2019.
  • A. Borjali, K. L. Monson & B. Raeymaekers (2019). Predicting the polyethylene wear rate in pin-on-disc experiments in the context of prosthetic hip implants: deriving a data-driven model using machine learning methods. Tribology International. Published, 01/08/2019.
  • M. A. Mahan, S. Yeoh, K. Monson & A. Light (2018). Rapid stretch injury to peripheral nerves: biomechanical results. Neurosurgery. Published, 10/31/2018.
  • Converse MI, Walther RG & Ingram JT (2018). Detection and characterization of molecular-level collagen damage in overstretched cerebral arteries. Acta biomaterialia. Vol. 67, 307-318. Published, 08/01/2018.
  • A. Borjali, K. L. Monson & B. Raeymaekers (2018). Friction between a polyethylene pin and a microtextured CoCrMo disc, and its correlation to polyethylene wear, as a function of sliding velocity and contact pressure, in the context of metal-on-polyethylene prosthetic hip implants. Tribology International. Vol. 127, 568-574. Published, 07/04/2018.
  • E. D. Bell, M. Converse, H. Mao, G. Unnikrishnan, G. Reifman & K. L. Monson (2018). Material properties of rat middle cerebral arteries at high strain rates. Journal of Biomechanical Engineering. Vol. 140. Published, 03/19/2018.
  • Converse MI, Walther RG, Ingram JT, Li Y, Yu SM & Monson KL (2018). Detection and characterization of molecular-level collagen damage in overstretched cerebral arteries. Acta biomaterialia. Vol. 67, 307-318. Published, 02/01/2018.
  • Bell ED (2018). Cerebrovascular dysfunction following subfailure axial stretch. Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials. Vol. 65, 627-633. Published, 01/01/2018.
  • Borjali A, Langhorn J, Monson K & Raeymaekers B (2017). Using a patterned microtexture to reduce polyethylene wear in metal-on-polyethylene prosthetic bearing couples. Wear : an international journal on the science and technology of friction lubrication and wear. Vol. 392-393, 77-83. Published, 12/15/2017.
  • Brewster, B., Gale, B. K., Sant, H. J., Monson, K., Shea, J. & Agarwal, J. (2017). A biodegradable vascular coupling device for end-to-end anastomosis. Journal of Medical and Biological Engineering. Published, 12/06/2017.
  • Nye KS & Converse MI (2017). Development of Mechanical and Failure Properties in Sheep Cerebral Arteries. Annals of biomedical engineering. Vol. 45, 1101-1110. Published, 09/01/2017.
  • Nye KS, Converse MI, Dahl MJ, Albertine KH & Monson KL (2017). Development of Mechanical and Failure Properties in Sheep Cerebral Arteries. Annals of biomedical engineering. Vol. 45, 1101-1110. Published, 09/01/2017.
  • Bell ED, Donato AJ & Monson KL (2017). Cerebrovascular dysfunction following subfailure axial stretch. Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials. Vol. 65, 627-633. Published, 01/01/2017.
  • Nye KS (2015). Umbilical cord artery mechanical properties at various gestational ages. American journal of perinatology. Vol. 32, 263-70. Published, 11/01/2015.
  • Nye KS, Esplin MS & Monson KL (2015). Umbilical cord artery mechanical properties at various gestational ages. American journal of perinatology. Vol. 32, 263-70. Published, 11/01/2015.
  • Thakkar D, Gupta R, Monson K & Rapoport N (2014). Effect of ultrasound on the permeability of vascular wall to nano-emulsion droplets. Ultrasound in medicine & biology. Vol. 39, 1804-11. Published, 04/01/2014.
  • Yeoh S, Bell ED & Monson KL (2014). Distribution of blood-brain barrier disruption in primary blast injury. Annals of biomedical engineering. Vol. 41, 2206-14. Published, 03/01/2014.
  • Bell ED, Kunjir RS & Monson KL (2013). Biaxial and failure properties of passive rat middle cerebral arteries. (pp. 91-6). Vol. 46. Journal of biomechanics. Published, 05/01/2013.
  • Yeoh, S., Bell, E. D., Monson, K. L. Thresholds of cerebrovascular trauma in mild primary blast injury. National Neurotrauma Symposium, July 10-13, 2011, Fort Lauderdale, FL. Published, 07/2011.
  • Yeoh, S., Mathur, V., Monson, K. L. Vascular injury and cortical deformation in a model of brain contusion. ASME 2011 Summer Bioengineering Conference, June 22-25, 2011, Farmington, PA. SBC2011-53833. Published, 06/2011.
  • Bell, E. D., Kunjir, R. S., Monson, K. L. Biaxial and failure mechanical properties of passive rat middle cerebral arteries. ASME 2011 Summer Bioengineering Conference, June 22-25, 2011, Farmington, PA. SBC2011-53830. Published, 06/2011.
  • Monson KL, Mathur V & Powell DA (2011). Deformations and end effects in isolated blood vessel testing. Journal of biomechanical engineering. Vol. 133, 011005. Published, 04/01/2011.
  • Thakkar, D., Gupta, R., Mohan, P., Monson, K., and Rapoport, N., 2011. Overcoming biological barriers with ultrasound. Proceedings 11th International Symposium on Therapeutic Ultrasound, April 10-13, 2011, New York, NY. Published, 04/2011.
  • Monson KL, Matsumoto MM, Young WL, Manley GT & Hashimoto T (2011). Abrupt increase in rat carotid blood flow induces rapid alteration of artery mechanical properties. Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials. Vol. 4, 9-15. Published, 03/01/2011.
  • Monson KL, Barbaro NM & Manley GT (2009). Biaxial response of passive human cerebral arteries. Annals of biomedical engineering. Vol. 36, 2028-41. Published, 01/01/2009.
  • Barnes, P. D., Krasnokutsky, M. V., Monson, K. L., Ophoven, J., 2008. Traumatic spinal cord injury: accidental versus nonaccidental injury. Seminars in Pediatric Neurology 15(4): 178-184. Published, 2008.

Research Keywords

  • Vascular Diseases or Injury
  • Traumatic Brain or Head Injury
  • Trauma, Cell Biology
  • Solid Mechanics
  • Neonatal Disorders
  • Drug Delivery across the Blood Brain Barrier
  • Blood-Brain Barrier
  • Autoimmune Diseases
  • Angioplasty

Presentations

  • Boiczyk, G., Pearson, N., Monson, K. Inverse Finite Element Modeling Captures Wave Propagation in High-Rate Oscillatory Shear Tests on Porcine Brain Tissue. Podium (Boiczyk) presentation at Summer Biomechanics, Bioengineering, and Biotransport Conference, June 4-8, 2023, Vail, CO. Conference Paper, Refereed, Presented, 06/05/2023.
  • Pearson, N., Boiczyk, G., Anderl, W., Yu, S. M., Monson, K. Tropocollagen Denaturation Is not Responsible for Sub-Yield Softening. Poster (Pearson) presentation at Summer Biomechanics, Bioengineering, and Biotransport Conference, June 4-8, 2023, Vail, CO. Conference Paper, Refereed, Presented, 06/05/2023.
  • MRE-measured cerebral blood vessel damage reveals brain deformations experienced during traumatic brain injury, Imaging Elevated, University of Utah, Sep 30-Oct 1, Salt Lake City, UT. Other, Presented, 10/01/2022.
  • Rubio, J. E., Skotak, M., Alay, E., Sundaramurthy, A., Subramaniam, D. R., Kote, V. B., Yeoh, S., Monson, K., Chandra, N., Unnikrishnan, G., Reifman, J. Does Blast Exposure to the Torso of a Rat Cause a Blood Surge to the Brain? 15th World Congress on Computational Mechanics (WCCM-XV), 8th Asian Pacific Congress on Computational Mechanics (APCOM-VIII), July 31-Aug 5, 2022, Yokohama, Japan. Conference Paper, Refereed, Presented, 07/31/2022.
  • Sundaramurthy, A., Kote, V. B., Pearson, N., Boiczyk, G. E., McNeil, E. M., Nelson, A. J., Subramaniam, D. R., Rubio, J. E., Monson, K., Hardy, W. N., VandeVord, P. J., Unnikrishnan, G., Reifman, J. A 3-D Finite-Element Minipig Model to Assess Brain Biomechanical Responses to Blast Exposure. 15th World Congress on Computational Mechanics (WCCM-XV), 8th Asian Pacific Congress on Computational Mechanics (APCOM-VIII), July 31-Aug 5, 2022, Yokohama, Japan. Conference Paper, Refereed, Presented, 07/31/2022.
  • Mechanical damage of cerebral arteries. 9th World Congress of Biomechanics, July 10-14, 2022, Taipei City, Taiwan. Invited Talk/Keynote, Presented, 07/11/2022.
  • Boiczyk, G., Pearson, N., Sundaramurthy, A., Rubio, J., Subramaniam, D., Unnikrishnan, G., Reifman, J., Monson, K. Rate and Region‐Dependent Mechanical Properties of Göttingen Minipig Brain Tissue in Oscillatory Shear. PhD podium competition finalist (Boiczyk) at Summer Biomechanics, Bioengineering, and Biotransport Conference, June 20-23, 2022, Cambridge, MD. Conference Paper, Refereed, Presented, 06/21/2022.
  • Pearson, N., Boiczyk, G., Monson, K. Overstretch-induced softening is independent of strain rate in cerebral arteries. Poster (Pearson) presentation at Summer Biomechanics, Bioengineering, and Biotransport Conference, June 20-23, 2022, Cambridge, MD. Conference Paper, Refereed, Presented, 06/20/2022.
  • Noh, S., Monson, K. L., Hlady, V., Kim, H. In vitro tri-culture blood-brain barrier (BBB) model enabling direct intercellular contact at a suspended layer. Poster (Noh) presentation at Hilton Head 2022 Solid-State Sensors, Actuators & Microsystems Workshop, June 5-9, 2022, Hilton Head Island, SC. Conference Paper, Refereed, Presented, 06/05/2022.
  • Sundaramurthy, A., Kote, V. B., Pearson, N., Boiczyk, G. M., McNeil, E. M., Nelson, A. J., Subramaniam, D. R., Rubio, J. E., Monson, K., Hardy, W. N., VandeVord, P. J., Unnikrishnan, G., Reifman, J. A 3-D Finite-Element Minipig Model to Assess Brain Biomechanical Responses to Blast Exposure. Podium (Sundaramurthy) presentation at 6th International Forum on Blast Injury Countermeasures, May 9-11, 2022, McLean, VA. Conference Paper, Refereed, Presented, 05/09/2022.
  • Anderl, W., Pearson, N., Yu, M., Monson, K. Collagen Damage in Arteries – Choice of Analysis Technique Matters in Identifying Rate Dependence. Submitted to Summer Biomechanics, Bioengineering, and Biotransport Conference, June 13-16, 2021; online. Conference Paper, Refereed, Submitted, 01/15/2021.
  • Boiczyk, G. M., Pearson, N., Sundaramurthy, A., Rubio, J., Subramaniam, D., Unnikrishnan, G., Reifman, J., Monson, K. L. Rate and Region-Dependent Mechanical Properties of Gottingen Minipig Brain Tissue. Lightning talk (Boiczyk) at the Summer Biomechanics, Bioengineering, and Biotransport Conference, June 17-20, 2020; online. Conference Paper, Refereed, Presented, 06/17/2020.
  • Pearson, N., Anderl, W., Boiczyk, G., Yu, M., Monson, K. Strain Rate Dependence of Molecular-Level Collagen Damage in Cerebral Arteries. Lightning talk (Pearson) at the Summer Biomechanics, Bioengineering, and Biotransport Conference, June 17-20, 2020; online. Conference Paper, Refereed, Presented, 06/17/2020.
  • Mogharrabi, F., Kuhlenhoelter, J., Anderson, B., Kauser, K., Monson, K. Effect of Photoactivated Cross-Linking Compound on Mechanical Properties of Porcine Carotid Arteries Post-Angioplasty. Proceedings of 2019 ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, IMECE2019-11661, Nov. 8-14, Salt Lake City, UT. Podium presentation by Mogharrabi. Conference Paper, Refereed, Presented, 11/2019.
  • Pearson, N., Boiczyk, G. M., Sundaramurthy, A., Rubio, J., Subramaniam, D., Unnikrishnan, G., Reifman, J., Monson, K. L. Strain Rate-Dependent Stiffening of Gottingen Minipig Cerebral Arteries. Poster (Pearson) at the 2019 BMES Annual Meeting, Oct 16-19, 2019, Philadelphia, PA. Conference Paper, Refereed, Presented, 10/2019.
  • Boiczyk, G. M., Pearson, N., Sundaramurthy, A., Rubio, J., Subramaniam, D., Unnikrishnan, G., Reifman, J., Monson, K. L. Rate and Region Dependent Mechanical Properties of Porcine Brain Tissue in Simple Shear. Poster (Boiczyk) for presentation at the 2019 BMES Annual Meeting, Oct 16-19, 2019, Philadelphia, PA. Conference Paper, Refereed, Presented, 10/2019.
  • Monson, K., Anderl, W., Pearson, N. Mechanical damage in cerebral arteries. Podium (invited; Monson) speaker at the 16th International Symposium on Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering and the 4th Conference on Imaging and Visualization, Columbia University, Aug 14-16, 2019, New York City. Conference Paper, Refereed, Presented, 08/2019.
  • Mechanical damage in cerebral arteries, 16th International Symposium on Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering and the 4th Conference on Imaging and Visualization, Columbia University, New York City, NY. Invited Talk/Keynote, Presented, 08/2019.
  • Unnikrishnan, G., Mao, H., Sundaramurthy, A., Bell, D., Yeoh, S., Converse, M., Monson, K., Reifman, J. Is There a Need for a High-Fidelity Computational Model to Characterize Brain Responses to Primary Blast Exposure? Podium (Unnikrishnan) at the Military Health System Research Symposium, Aug 20-23, 2018, Kissimmee, FL. Conference Paper, Refereed, Presented, 08/20/2018.
  • Anderl, W., Monson, K. Rate dependency of collagen hybridizing peptide attachment to vessel wall collagen. University of Utah Undergraduate Research Journal 18, 2018. Other, Presented, 08/02/2018.
  • Overstretch-Induced Damage of Cerebral Blood Vessels, Utah Vascular Research Laboratory Fall Colloquium Series, University of Utah. Invited Talk/Keynote, Presented, 08/2018.
  • Converse, M. I., Nye, K. S., Monson, K. L. Stretch-induced intimal failure in cerebral arteries. Poster (Monson) at the World Congress on Biomechanics, July 8-12, 2018, Dublin, Ireland. Conference Paper, Refereed, Presented, 07/08/2018.
  • Marino, M., Converse, M. I., Wriggers, P., Monson, K. L. Arterial walls damage across scales: multiscale modelling and computational implementation based on molecular level detection enabled by fluorescent hybridizing peptides. Poster (Marino) at the World Congress on Biomechanics, July 8-12, 2018, Dublin, Ireland. Conference Paper, Refereed, Presented, 07/08/2018.
  • Unnikrishnan, G., Mao, H., Sundaramurthy, A., Bell, D., Yeoh, S., Converse, M., Monson, K., Reifman, J. Do we need a high-fidelity computational model to characterize brain responses to primary blast? Podium (Unnikrishnan) at the 3rd Japan-US Technical Information Exchange Forum on Blast Injury, May 9-11, 2018, Tokyo, Japan. Conference Paper, Refereed, Presented, 05/09/2018.
  • Carr, C., Scoville, J., Condie, C., Davis, G., Floyd, C., Kelly, L., Monson, K., Reichert, E., Ruble J., Hawryluk, G. A comparison of measured PH, salinity, osmometry, nephelometry, and particulate matter in mannitol and hypertonic saline. Poster (Carr) at the AANS Annual Scientific Meeting, April 28-May 5, 2018, New Orleans, LA. Conference Paper, Refereed, Presented, 04/28/2018.
  • Carr, C., Scoville, J., Condie, C., Davis, G., Floyd, C., Kelly, L., Monson, K., Reichert, E., Ruble J., Hawryluk, G. An audit of PH, salinity, osmometry, nephelometry, and particulate matter in commercially available hyperosmolar solutions. Poster (Carr) at the AANS Annual Scientific Meeting, April 28-May 5, 2018, New Orleans, LA. Conference Paper, Refereed, Presented, 04/28/2018.
  • Converse, M. I., Monson, K. L. Cerebral artery damage with large deformations. Poster presentation (Monson) at the 35th Annual National Neurotrauma Symposium, July 7-12, 2017, Snowbird, UT. Conference Paper, Refereed, Presented, 07/07/2017.
  • Marino, M., Converse, M. I., Wriggers, P., Monson, K. L. Damage of arterial tissues: a structurally-motivated model based on direct measures of collagen unfolding. Podium (Marino) presentation at the 23rd Congress of the European Society of Biomechanics, July 2-5, 2017, Seville, Spain. Conference Paper, Refereed, Presented, 07/02/2017.
  • Converse, M. I., Marino, M., Monson, K. L. Arterial damage model based on empirical stretch thresholds of collagen unfolding and tissue yielding. Podium (Converse) presentation at Summer Biomechanics, Bioengineering, and Biotransport Conference, June 21-24, 2017, Tucson, AZ. First place in PhD Student Paper Competition. Conference Paper, Refereed, Presented, 06/21/2017.
  • Cerebrovascular Damage in Traumatic Brain Injury, Keynote Address, Biomedical Engineering Western Regional Conference, Provo, UT. Invited Talk/Keynote, Presented, 01/2017.
  • Yeoh, S., Monson, K. L. Behavioral and inflammatory consequences of cerebrovascular dysfunction in primary blast injury. Poster (Yeoh) at the Utah Biomedical Engineering Conference, January 30-31, 2015, Salt Lake City, UT. Other, Presented, 01/31/2015.
  • Liu, N-W., Monson, K. L. Development of a fluid-filled tube model to study vascular response to blast. Poster (Liu) at the Utah Biomedical Engineering Conference, January 30-31, 2015, Salt Lake City, UT. Other, Presented, 01/31/2015.
  • Converse, M. C., Monson, K. L. Cerebrovascular damage in TBI: a focus on passive constituents. Podium (Converse) at the Utah Biomedical Engineering Conference, January 30-31, 2015, Salt Lake City, UT. 2nd place speaker award. Other, Presented, 01/31/2015.
  • Bell, E. D., Sullivan, J. W., Monson K. L. Subfailure overstretch leads to alteration of passive mechanical response in ewe middle cerebral arteries. Poster (Bell) at the Utah Biomedical Engineering Conference, January 30-31, 2015, Salt Lake City, UT. Other, Presented, 01/31/2015.
  • Bell, E. D., Sullivan, J. W., Monson K. L. Subfailure overstretch leads to alteration of passive mechanical response in ewe middle cerebral arteries. Poster (Bell) at the 7th World Congress of Biomechanics, July 6-11, 2014, Boston, MA. Conference Paper, Refereed, Presented, 07/08/2014.
  • Liu, N-W., Monson, K. L. Development of a fluid-filled tube model to study vascular response to blast. Poster (Liu) at the 7th World Congress of Biomechanics, July 6-11, 2014, Boston, MA. Conference Paper, Refereed, Presented, 07/08/2014.
  • Nye, K. S., Monson, K. L. Mechanical characteristics of the developing cerebral vasculature. Poster (Converse) at the 7th World Congress of Biomechanics, July 6-11, 2014, Boston, MA. Conference Paper, Refereed, Presented, 07/08/2014.
  • Converse, M. C., Monson, K. L. Alteration and failure of cerebral artery internal elastic lamina following mechanical insult. Poster (Converse) at the 7th World Congress of Biomechanics, July 6-11, 2014, Boston, MA. Conference Paper, Refereed, Presented, 07/08/2014.

Research Groups

  • Kerrigan Denham, Graduate Student. Mechanical Engineering. 01/01/2024 - present.
  • Lucas Bolster, Undergraduate Student. 01/01/2023 - present.
  • Farshid Shojaeianforoud, Graduate Student. 08/22/2022 - present.
  • Kevin Lee, Undergraduate Student. 05/01/2022 - present.
  • Kerrigan Denham, Undergraduate Student. 11/01/2021 - 12/31/2023.
  • Joey Bail, Graduate Student. 08/23/2021 - 08/14/2023.
  • Kolbi Dietmeier, Undergraduate Student. 01/01/2021 - 04/29/2022.
  • Meike Gierig, Visiting Student. Mechanical Engineering, University of Hannover (Germany). 03/01/2019 - 08/2019.
  • Will Anderl, Graduate Student. Mechanical Engineering. 01/2019 - present.
  • Evan Ross, Graduate Student. 01/01/2018 - 08/2019.
  • Jonathan Kuhlenhoelter, Graduate Student. 08/21/2017 - present.
  • Noah Pearson, Graduate Student. 07/01/2017 - 05/01/2023.
  • Greg Boiczyk, Graduate Student. Biomedical Engineering. 01/01/2017 - 08/01/2023.

Research Equipment and Testing Expertise

  • isolated blood vessel testing; injury modeling: controlled cortical impact, blast injury; computational modeling.