BRIAN JAMES MCPHERSON portrait
  • Adjunct Professor, Geology & Geophysics
  • Professor, Civil And Environmental Engin
801-585-7961

Publications

  • Hung Vo Thanh & Zhenxue Dai, Zhengyang Du, Huichao Yin, Bicheng Yan, Mohamad Reza Soltanian, Ting Xiao, Brian McPherson, Laith Abualigah (2024). Artificial intelligence-based prediction of hydrogen adsorption in various kerogen types: Implications for underground hydrogen storage and cleaner production. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. Vol. 57, 1000-1009. Published, 02/2024.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.01.115
  • Zhidi Wu, & Eric Edelman, Phil Smith, Sean Smith, Trevor Irons, Brian McPherson (2024). Framework for Bayesian Assessment of Factors that Impact Rock Mechanical Response. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering. Vol. 2024, 1-21. Published, 01/2024.
    https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-023-03552-4
  • Xiao, Ting & Ting Chen, Zhiwei Ma, Hailong Tian, Saro Meguerdijian, Bailian Chen, Rajesh Pawar, Lianjie Huang, Tianfu Xu, Martha Cather, Brian McPherson (2024). A review of risk and uncertainty assessment for geologic carbon storage. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. Vol. 189, 113945. Published, 01/2024.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2023.113945
  • Si-Yong Lee & Farid Reza Mohamed, Kwang-Ho Lee, Brian McPherson, Robert Balch, Sangcheol Yoon (2023). Probabilistic Evaluation of Geomechanical Risks in CO2 Storage: An Exploration of Caprock Integrity Metrics Using a Multilaminate Model. Energies. Vol. 19, 6954. Published, 10/2023.
    https://doi.org/10.3390/en16196954
  • Xuejian Liu & Lianjie Huang, Kai Gao, Tom Bratton, George El-Kaseeh, William Ampomah, Robert Will, Paige Czoski, Martha Cather, Robert Balch, Brian McPherson (2023). Seismic Monitoring at the Farnsworth CO2-EOR Field Using Time-Lapse Elastic-Waveform Inversion of 3D-3C VSP Data. Energies. Vol. 16, 3939. Published, 05/2023.
    https://doi.org/10.3390/en16093939
  • Yan Qin & Jiaxuan Li, Lianjie Huang, Kai Gao, David Li, Ting Chen, Tom Bratton, George El-kaseeh, William Ampomah, Titus Ispirescu, Martha Cather, Robert Balch, Yingcai Zheng, Shuhang Tang, Kevin L McCormack, Brian McPherson (2023). Microseismic Monitoring at the Farnsworth CO2-EOR Field. Energies. Vol. 16, 4177. Published, 05/2023.
    https://doi.org/10.3390/en16104177
  • Xiao, Ting & Jiawei Tu, Bonan Wang, Richard Esser, Tessa Bailey, Martha Cather, Hailong Tian, Brian McPherson (2023). Chemical impacts of subsurface CO2 and brine on shallow groundwater quality. Chemosphere. Vol. 321, 138048. Published, 04/2023.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138048
  • Kevin L McCormack & ohn D McLennan, Elliot A Jagniecki, Brian J McPherson (2023). Discrete Measurements of the Least Horizontal Principal Stress from Core Data: An Application of Viscoelastic Stress Relaxation. SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering. Vol. 26, 827-841. Published, 03/2023.
    https://doi.org/10.2118/214669-PA
  • McCormack, Kevin & Tom R. Bratton, Ting Chen, and Brian J. McPherson (2022). Induced seismicity potential based on probabilistic geomechanics for the San Juan Basin CarbonSAFE project. Geophysics. Vol. 87, 1ND-V570. Published, 11/2022.
    https://doi.org/10.1190/geo2021-0704.1
  • Panja, Palash & Wei Jia and Brian McPherson (2022). . Prediction of well performance in SACROC field using stacked Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network. Expert Systems with Applications. Vol. 205, 117670. Published, 11/2022.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2022.117670
  • Xiao, Ting & Wang, B., Xu, L., Esser, R., Dai, Z., Cather, M. and McPherson, B (2022). Underground sources of drinking water chemistry changes in response to potential CO2 leakage. Science of the Total Environment. Vol. 847, 157254. Published, 11/2022.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157254
  • Ampomah, William & McPherson, B., Balch, R., Grigg, R. and Cather, M (2022). Forecasting CO2 Sequestration with Enhanced Oil Recovery. Energies. Vol. 15, 5930. Published, 08/2022.
  • Panja, Palash & Milind Deo and Brian McPherson (2022). Techno-Economic Analysis of Amine-based CO2 Capture Technology: Hunter Plant Case Study. Carbon Capture Science and Technology. Vol. 3, 100041. Published, 06/2022.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccst.2022.100041
  • Moodie, Nathan & Moodie, N., Jia, W., Middleton, R., Yaw, S., Lee, S.Y., Xiao, T., Wheatley, D., Steele, P., Esser, R. and McPherson, B., 2022. (2022). Geologic Carbon Storage of Anthropogenic CO2 under the Colorado Plateau in Emery County, Utah. Minerals, 12(4), p.398. Minerals. Vol. 12, 398. Published, 03/24/2022.
    https://www.mdpi.com/2075-163X/12/4/398
  • Balch Robert & Brian McPherson (2022). Associated Storage With Enhanced Oil Recovery: A Large‐Scale Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage Demonstration in Farnsworth, Texas, USA. (pp. 343-360). Vol. 1, Wiley (American Geophysical Union). Published, 03/2022.
    https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119156871.ch20
  • Ting Bao & Burghardt, Jeff; Gupta, Varun; Edelman, Eric; McPherson, Brian; White, Mark (2021). Experimental workflow to estimate model parameters for evaluating long term viscoelastic response of CO2 storage caprocks. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences. Vol. 146, 104796. Published, 10/01/2021.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2021.104796
  • Nathan Moodie & Ampomah, William; Heath, Jason; Jia, Wei; McPherson, Brian (2021). Quantitative analysis of the influence of capillary pressure on geologic carbon storage forecasts case study: CO2-EOR in the Anadarko basin, Texas. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control. Vol. 109, 103373. Published, 07/01/2021.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2021.103373
  • Moodie, Nathan & Ampomah, William; Jia, Wei; McPherson, Brian (2021). Relative Permeability: A Critical Parameter in Numerical Simulations of Multiphase Flow in Porous Media. Energies. Vol. 14, 2370-2384. Published, 04/22/2021.
    https://doi.org/10.3390/en14092370
  • Si-Yong Lee & Hnottavange-Telleen, Ken; Jia, Wei; Xiao, Ting; Viswanathan, Hari; Chu, Shaoping; Dai, Zhenxue; Pan, Feng; McPherson, Brian; Balch, Robert (2021). Risk Assessment and Management Workflow—An Example of the Southwest Regional Partnership. Energies. Vol. 2021, 1908-1926. Published, 03/30/2021.
    https://doi.org/10.3390/en14071908
  • Wei Jia & Xiao, Ting; Wu, Zhidi; Dai, Zhenxue; McPherson, Brian (2021). Impact of Mineral Reactive Surface Area on Forecasting Geological Carbon Sequestration in a CO2-EOR Field. Energies. Vol. 2021, 1608-1630. Published, 03/14/2021.
    https://doi.org/10.3390/en14061608
  • Patil, V. & Brian McPherson (2021). Modeling Coupled Reactive Transport Through Fault-zones: A Critical Review. Environmental Engineering Science. Vol. 10, 44-88. Published, 03/01/2021.
    https://doi.org/10.1089/ees.2020.0413
  • Ting Xiao & Jia, Wei; Esser, Richard; Dai, Zhenxue; McPherson, Brian (2021). Potential Chemical Impacts of Subsurface CO2: An Integrated Experimental and Numerical Assessment for a Case Study of the Ogallala Aquifer. Water Resources Research - American Geophysical Union. Vol. 57, e2020WR029274. Published, 03/01/2021.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2020WR029274
  • Xiao, T. & McPherson, B., Esser, R., Dai, Z., Chu, S., Pan, F., Jia, W., Viswanathan, H. (2020). Chemical impacts of potential CO2 and brine leakage on groundwater quality with quantitative risk assessment: A case study on the Farnsworth Unit. Energies. Vol. 13, 6574-6588. Published, 12/14/2020.
    https://doi.org/10.3390/en13246574
  • Xiao, T. & Xu, H., Moodie, N., Esser, R., Jia, W., Zheng, L., Rutqvist, J., McPherson, B. (2020). Chemical-mechanical impacts of CO2 intrusion into heterogeneous caprock. Water Resources Research. Vol. 56, e2020WR027193. Published, 09/16/2020.
    https://doi.org/10.1029/2020WR027193
  • Dai, Zhenxue & Xu, L., Xiao, T., McPherson, B., Zhang, X., Zheng, L., Dong, S., Yang, Z., Soltanian, M. R., Yang, C., Ampomah, W., Jia, W., Yin, S., Xu, T., Bacon, D., Viswanathan, H., (2020). Reactive chemical transport simulations of geologic carbon sequestration: Methods and applications. Earth-Science Reviews. Vol. 208, 103265-103280. Published, 09/01/2020.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103265
  • Patil, V. & McPherson, B. (2020). Identifying Hydrogeochemical Conditions for Fault Self‐Sealing in Geological Storage. Water Resources Research. Vol. 56, e2018WR024436. Published, 03/02/2020.
    https://doi.org/10.1029/2018WR024436
  • Hassan Tavakol-Davani & Reyhaneh Rahimi, Steven J Burian, Christine A Pomeroy, Brian J McPherson, Defne Apul (2019). Combining Hydrologic Analysis and Life Cycle Assessment Approaches to Evaluate Sustainability of Water Infrastructure: Uncertainty Analysis. Water. Vol. 11, 2592-2612. Published, 12/01/2019.
  • Gang Lei & Nai Cao, Brian J McPherson, Qinzhuo Liao, Weiqing Chen (2019). A Novel Analytical Model for Pore Volume Compressibility of Fractal Porous Media. Scientific Reports. Vol. 9, 1-11. Published, 10/09/2019.
  • Ting Xiao & Brian McPherson, Richard Esser, Wei Jia, Nathan Moodie, Shaoping Chu, Si-Yong Lee (2019). Forecasting commercial-scale CO2 storage capacity in deep saline reservoirs: Case study of Buzzard's bench, Central Utah. Pergamon. Vol. 126, 41-51. Published, 05/01/2019.
  • Nathan Moodie & William Ampomah, Wei Jia, Jason Heath, Brian McPherson (2019). Assignment and calibration of relative permeability by hydrostratigraphic units for multiphase flow analysis, case study: CO2-EOR operations at the Farnsworth Unit, Texas. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control. Vol. 81, 103-114. Published, 02/01/2019.
  • Zhenxue Dai & Hari Viswanathan, Ting Xiao, Ale Hakala, Christina Lopano, George Guthrie, Brian McPherson (2019). Reactive transport modeling of geological carbon storage associated with CO2 and brine leakage. (pp. 89-116). Science of Carbon Storage in Deep Saline Formations. Published, 01/01/2019.
  • Wei Jia & Brian McPherson (2019). Multiphase Flow Associated With Geological CO2 Storage. (pp. 117-143). Science of Carbon Storage in Deep Saline Formations. Published, 01/01/2019.
  • Reliable noise measure in time-gated NMR data TP Irons, BJOL McPherson, MA Kass Geophysical Journal International 215 (2), 959-964. Published, 08/06/2018.
  • Uncertainty quantification of CO2 storage using Bayesian model averaging and polynomial chaos expansion W Jia, B McPherson, F Pan, Z Dai, T Xiao International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control 71, 104-115. Published, 03/01/2018.
  • Modeling CH4 Displacement by CO2 in Deformed Coalbeds during Enhanced Coalbed Methane Recovery Q Zeng, Z Wang, L Liu, J Ye, BJ McPherson, JD McLennan Energy & fuels 32 (2), 1942-1955. Published, 03/01/2018.
  • Impact of Three‐Phase Relative Permeability and Hysteresis Models on Forecasts of Storage Associated With CO2‐EOR W Jia, B McPherson, F Pan, Z Dai, N Moodie, T Xiao Water Resources Research 54 (2), 1109-1126. Published, 03/01/2018.
  • Hysteresis effects in geological CO2 sequestration processes: A case study on Aneth demonstration site, Utah, USA C Lu, BJ Mcpherson, GL Wang Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering 6 (4), 243-260. Published, 03/01/2018.
  • Application of an Inverse Simulator of Single-Phase Flow Analysis for Leakage Pathway Estimation in a Multiphase System for Geologic Storage SJ Lee, BJ McPherson Transport in Porous Media 121 (2), 507-537. Published, 03/01/2018.
  • Bootstrapping reliable noise measure in time-gated nuclear magnetic resonance data T Irons, B McPherson, A Kass ASEG Extended Abstracts 2018 (1), 1-6. Published, 03/01/2018.
  • Experimental Investigation of Time-Dependent Deformation of Fluid Disposal Reservoir Caprocks EC Edelman, J Burghardt, BJ McPherson 52nd US Rock Mechanics/Geomechanics Symposium. Published, 02/01/2018.

Presentations

  • Vega, C., Edelman, E., Handwerger, D., McCormack, K., McPherson, B. J., List, D., & Maxwell, G. (2023). Source rock analysis and Hydrocarbon migration using machine-learning derived parameters from petrophysical logs in the unconventional Cane Creek formation, Utah. AGU23. Conference Paper, Refereed, Presented, 12/2023.
  • Huang, L., Sabin, A. E., McPherson, B. J., & Xiao, T. (2023, December). Achieving Net Zero Emissions with Geologic Carbon Storage and Geothermal Energy III Oral. In AGU23. AGU. Conference Paper, Refereed, Presented, 12/2023.
  • Moodie, N., Szymanski, E., Dang, S. T., Rai, C. S., Parada, E. T., Berg, M. D. V., ... & McPherson, B. J. (2023). Geologic CO 2 Storage Site Characterization for Industrial Decarbonization in Iron County, Utah: CUSP Focused Project. AGU23. Conference Paper, Refereed, Presented, 12/2023.
  • Xiao, T., Vega, C., Moodie, N., Berg, M. D. V., Blanchard, F., & McPherson, B. J. (2023). Uinta Basin CarbonSAFE Phase II: An Overview. AGU23. Conference Paper, Refereed, Presented, 12/2023.
  • Supporting and Developing Commercial Carbon Storage Projects in the Western United States: The Carbon Utilization and Storage Partnership, Robert Balch, Brian McPherson, George El-Kaseeh, 2023/11/8, 2023 AIChE Annual Meeting. Conference Paper, Refereed, Presented, 11/2023.
    https://aiche.confex.com/aiche/2023/meetingapp.cgi...
  • Bakelli, Omar, Xiao, Ting, McPherson, Brian, and Mohamed Zinelabidine Doghmane. "Geomechanical Characterization of the Broom Creek Reservoir for Geologic Carbon Storage in the Williston Basin, North Dakota, U.S.." Paper presented at the International Geomechanics Symposium, Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia, October 2023. doi: https://doi.org/10.56952/IGS-2023-0042. Conference Paper, Refereed, Presented, 10/2023.
    https://doi.org/10.56952/IGS-2023-0042
  • Dvory, N. Z., Smith, P. J., McCormack, K. L., Esser, R., and B. J. McPherson. "On the Path to Least Principal Stress Prediction: Quantifying the Impact of Borehole Logs on the Prediction Model." Paper presented at the 57th U.S. Rock Mechanics/Geomechanics Symposium, Atlanta, Georgia, USA, June 2023. doi: https://doi.org/10.56952/ARMA-2023-0510. Conference Paper, Refereed, Presented, 06/2023.
    https://onepetro.org/ARMAUSRMS/proceedings/ARMA23/...
  • Vega-Ortiz, Carlos, Panja, Palash, Deo, Milind, and Brian McPherson. "Decline Curve Analysis Using Machine Learning Algorithms: RNN, LSTM, and GRU." Paper presented at the 57th U.S. Rock Mechanics/Geomechanics Symposium, Atlanta, Georgia, USA, June 2023. doi: https://doi.org/10.56952/ARMA-2023-0287 . Conference Paper, Refereed, Presented, 06/2023.
    https://doi.org/10.56952/ARMA-2023-0287
  • McCormack, K. L., Edelman, E., Moodie, N., McPherson, B. J., Paulsson, B., and R. He. "The Design of a Downhole Source Tomography Experiment for the Detection of CO2 Plumes in the Subsurface." Paper presented at the 57th U.S. Rock Mechanics/Geomechanics Symposium, Atlanta, Georgia, USA, June 2023. doi: https://doi.org/10.56952/ARMA-2023-0474. Conference Paper, Refereed, Presented, 06/2023.
    https://doi.org/10.56952/ARMA-2023-0474
  • Wu, Z., Edelman, E., Smith, P., Smith, S., Irons, T., & McPherson, B. (2023, June). Uncertainty Quantification of Young's Modulus on Core Scale: A Bayesian Analysis on a Comprehensive Geomechanical Model. In ARMA US Rock Mechanics/Geomechanics Symposium (pp. ARMA-2023). ARMA. Conference Paper, Refereed, Presented, 06/2023.
    https://onepetro.org/ARMAUSRMS/proceedings/ARMA23/...
  • Xiao, T., McPherson, B. J., Hnottavange-Telleen, K., Lee, S.-Y., & Chu, S. (2022). Quantitative Risk Assessment of the Southwest Regional Partnership on Carbon Sequestration. In Fall Meeting 2022 (AGU). Conference Paper, Refereed, Presented, 12/2022.
  • Wu, Z., Edelman, E., Smith, P., Smith, S., McPherson, B. J., & Irons, T. P. (2022, December). Mechanical Properties of Rocks: Micro to Macro, and Back Again. In AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts (Vol. 2022, pp. MR25B-0084). Conference Paper, Refereed, Presented, 12/2022.
    https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022AGUFMMR25B00...
  • Moodie, N., Szymanski, E., Vanden Berg, M. D., & McPherson, B. J. (2022, December). Site Characterization for Geologic Carbon Storage of CO2 from a Direct Reduced Iron Plant. In AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts (Vol. 2022, pp. GC12E-0481). Conference Paper, Refereed, Presented, 12/2022.
    https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022AGUFMGC12E04...
  • Ampomah, W. and McPherson, B.J., 2022, December. INVITED: From CCS to CCUS and back again (2003–2022): CO 2 storage in the southwestern USA. In Fall Meeting 2022. AGU. Invited Talk/Keynote, Presented, 12/2022.
    https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=6391773...
  • Session Convened and Chaired (McPherson): Huang, L., McPherson, B. J., Dilmore, R. M., & Verliac, M. (2022). Geologic Carbon Storage I Oral. In Fall Meeting 2022 (AGU). Other, Presented, 12/2022.
  • Vega-Ortiz, C., Panja, P., McPherson, B. J., & McLennan, J. D. (2022). Injection of Flue Gas Improves CO2 Permeability and Storage Capacity in Coal: A Promising Technology. In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition (OnePetro). Conference Paper, Refereed, Presented, 10/2022.
    https://egi.utah.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/SP...
  • Balch, R., McPherson, B., Cather, M., & Esser, R. (2022, October). The Carbon Utilization and Storage Partnership of the Western United States. In Proceedings of the 16th Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies Conference (GHGT-16) (pp. 22-24). Conference Paper, Refereed, Presented, 10/2022.
    https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_i...
  • McPherson, B., Balch, R., & Grigg, R. (2022). INVITED PRESENTATION, SOUTHWEST REGIONAL PARTNERSHIP ON CARBON SEQUESTRATION: 20 YEARS AND 2M TONNES. Geological Society of America National Meeting 2022 (GSA Connects 2022 - doi: 10.1130/abs/2022AM-382753). Invited Talk/Keynote, Presented, 10/2022.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2022AM-382753
  • Paronish, T. J., Crandall, D., Moore, J. E., McKisic, T., Mitchell, N., Brown, S. R., Tennant, B., Workman, S., Edelman, E., & others. (2022). Core Characterization of the Cane Creek Interval in the Paradox Formation from the State 16-2 Well. National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL), Pittsburgh, PA, Morgantown, WV. Conference Paper, Refereed, Presented, 08/2022.
    https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1891853
  • Balch, R., Esser, R., McPherson, B., & El-Kaseeh, G. (2022). The Carbon Utilization and Storage Partnership of the Western US: Accelerating Commercial De-Carbonization Projects. In 83rd EAGE Annual Conference & Exhibition. Conference Paper, Refereed, Presented, 06/2022.
    https://doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.202210541
  • Meyer, Aaron and McPherson, Brian, Quantitative Characterization of Hyper-Local Urban Greenhouse Gas Sources Using Tower-Based Atmospheric Sensors, Abstract H028 0002 presented at 2020 Fall Meeting, AGU, Online Everywhere, 1 17 Dec. Conference Paper, Refereed, Presented, 12/14/2020. Conference Paper, Refereed, Presented, 12/16/2020.
  • Wu, Z., Jia, W., Xiao, T., & McPherson, B. (2020), Porosity permeability changes induced by varying pore pressure and confining pressure in unconventional formations: analysis of core scale hydro mechanical data and simulations, Abstract MR004 04 presented at 2020 Fall Meeting, AGU, Online Everywhere, 1 17 Dec. Conference Paper, Refereed, Presented, 12/14/2020.
  • Edelman, E. and McPherson, B., Stress-Sensitive Single-Phase Permeability for Navajo Sandstone Coupling Experimental Testing and Numerical Simulation, Abstract H039 0007 presented at 2020 Fall Meeting, AGU, Online Everywhere, 1-17 Dec. Conference Paper, Refereed, Presented, 12/14/2020.
  • Xiao, T. and McPherson, B., Chemical Impacts of Potential Leakage into Overlying Groundwater Aquifers from a Geologic CO2 Sequestration Reservoir, Abstract H039 0004 presented at 2020 Fall Meeting, AGU, Online Everywhere, 1 17 Dec. Conference Paper, Refereed, Presented, 12/14/2020. Conference Paper, Refereed, Presented, 12/14/2020.
  • Jia, W., Xiao, T., Wu, Z., & McPherson, B. (2020), A probabilistic analysis of geological CO2 storage capacity changes associated with geochemical reactions, Abstract H039 0006 presented at 2020 Fall Meeting, AGU, Online Everywhere, 1 17 Dec. Conference Paper, Refereed, Presented, 12/14/2020.
  • McPherson, Brian, Quantitative Characterization and Analysis of Natural Fractures to Revitalize Production from the Unconventional Cane Creek Formation of the Paradox Basin, INVITED, Abstract MR004 02 presented at 2020 Fall Meeting, AGU, Online Everywhere, 1 17 Dec. Invited Talk/Keynote, Presented, 12/14/2020.
  • Moodie, N., Jia, W., Middleton, R., Yaw, S., Lee, S., Esser, R., Xiao, T., Wheatley, D., Steele, P., McPherson, B. Geologic carbon storage of anthropogenic CO2 under the Colorado Plateau in Emery County, Utah. 2019 AIChE Annual Meeting. 2019 November 10-November 15, Orlando, FL. Conference Paper, Refereed, Presented, 11/11/2019.
  • Irons, T., Jia, W., McPherson, B. ReGrid: A Python toolbox for reservoir simulation reproducibility, comparison, and multiphysics code interoperability. 2019 AIChE Annual Meeting. 2019 November 10-November 15, Orlando, FL. Conference Paper, Refereed, Presented, 11/11/2019.